IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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fliotographic 

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2'  WEST  MAIN  STREET 
(716)  8/1-4503 


tfA, 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/iCIVlH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


^ 


^ 

^ 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notaa  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tt 
to 


Tha  Instituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  avaiiabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


□    Colourod  fiovars/ 
Couvarturo  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covars  damagad/ 


D 


D 


D 
0 


D 


Couvartura  endommagia 


Covars  rostorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurte  at/ou  pailiculAa 


I      I    Covar  titia  missing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


I     I   Colourad  maps/ 


Cartas  gtegraphiquas  an  coulaur 


Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 


I     I   Colourad  platas  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planchaa  at/ou  illustrations  an  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
Ralii  avac  d'autras  documents 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

La  re  iiura  sarria  paut  causar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
distoraion  ie  long  do  la  marge  Int^iaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possibia,  thasa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainaa  pagas  blanchaa  ajoutias 
lors  d'una  rastauration  apparaissant  dans  la  taxta, 
mais,  iorsqua  cala  itait  poasibla.  cas  pagaa  n'ont 
pas  ttt  filmAas. 

Additional  commants:/ 
Commantairas  supplAmantairas; 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  axampiaira 
qu'il  lui  a  it*  possibia  da  sa  procurar.  Las  details 
da  eat  axampiaira  qui  sont  paut-*tra  uniquas  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua.  qui  pauvant  modif iar 
una  imaga  raproduita.  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modification  dana  la  mithoda  normnle  da  filmaga 
sont  indiquis  ci-daaaous. 


I     I   Colourad  pagas/ 


D 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pagas  dariagad/ 
Pagas  andommagias 

Pagas  rastorad  and/oi 

Pagas  rastaurtea  ot/ou  pailicuiias 

Pagaa  discolourad,  stainad  or  foxa« 
Pagas  dicoiorias.  tachatins  ou  piquias 

Pagas  datachad/ 
Pagas  ditachAas 

Showthrough/ 
Transparanca 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit*  inigala  da  i'imprassion 

Includas  supplamantary  matarii 
Comprand  du  matirial  suppiimantaira 

Only  adition  available/ 
Saula  Edition  disponibia 


r*~|  Pagas  dariagad/ 

I — I  Pagas  rastorad  and/or  laminated/ 

rri  Pagaa  discoloured,  stainad  or  foxed/ 

I     I  Pages  detached/ 

FT]  Showthrough/ 

FT]  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

rn  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

r~n  Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  peges  totalament  ou  pertiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuiilet  d'srrata.  una  palure, 
etc..  ont  iti  filmies  A  nouveau  da  fapon  A 
obtanir  Ie  meilleure  imege  possible. 


Tl 

P< 
of 
fll 


Oi 
bi 
th 
si 
ot 
fll 
si 
or 


•b 
Tl 
wi 

M 
dii 
er 
ba 

rlj 
rei 
mi 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fiimi  au  taux  da  riduction  indiqui  ci-daaaous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


2BX 


30X 


y 

12X 


1IX 


aox 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Thd  copy  film«d  hare  haa  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

Library  of  tha  Public 
Archivas  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  fiimA  fut  raprodui:  grica  A  la 
gAnAroait*  da: 

La  bibliothAqua  das  Archivas 
publiquas  du  Canada 


Tha  imagaa  appearing  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
possibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  l«   Ibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  thd 
filming  contract  spacificationau 


Original  copies  in  printed  peper  covera  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  imprea^ 
sion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  Ail 
other  original  copiea  ara  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  imprea- 
sion,  and  ending  on  the  last  pags  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  images  suivantas  ont  4t4  reproduites  svec 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattet*  da  raxempleire  filmA,  et  en 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Lea  axemplairas  originaux  dont  Ic  couvertura  an 
papier  est  imprimto  sent  filmte  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  pict  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  aacond 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  las  autras  exempleires 
originaux  sent  filmte  an  commanpent  par  la 
premiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terniinant  par 
ia  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
wCiichaver  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
darniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  la 
caa:  la  aymbola  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbola  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  piatea,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Thoaa  too  lerge  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illuatrata  the 
method: 


Lea  cartea,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fiimis  A  des  taux  da  rAduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
reproduit  an  un  aeul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  psrtir 
de  I'angia  supArieur  geuche,  de  gauche  A  droita, 
at  de  haut  an  baa,  en  prenant  la  nombre 
d'imagas  nAcessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Macki 


FR< 


WH 


HO 


HODS! 


English 

gialatioi 

urged  u, 

a7id  An 

Arthur 

*B!ia  a  ' 

Eaglaa 

—The 

VanBm 

John  Q 

Pointei 

•y — Ml 

bourne'' 

Patron 

—Maei 

da^m 

port — i 

Havy  I 

Engia: 

teaa— 

Appeal 

ble  coi 

Offiaer 

Brigai 

an  Ne 

phtmat 

OUbe 

Buffal 


r  SBClftND  KDITitoir.  ,  , 

Mackenzie's  Gazette,  RocHEsrrsR,  N.  Y.,  April  18,  1840. 

WHO  BEGAN  THE 

FRONTIER  TROlJBIiES] 


WHO  BROKE  THE  TREATY? 


TO   THE 

HON.  MEMBERS  OF  THE  SENATE 

AND 

HOUSE  OF  BEPRESENTATIVES,  IN  CONGRES& 


CONTENTS 


English  Policy  in  the  Cunadan — Montreal   Maasacre — Canadian    Le, 
gialation  NitUfied — Papineau'8  DeclaratioA  in  France — Chvemur  Head 
urged  on  the  Revolt — He  ownt  the  fact — Espionage — Intulta  to  America 
and  Americaui—Head^s  conduct  upproved  by  the  Queen—Sir  George 
Arthur  told  to  follow  hie  example — Lord  Durham  admit*  that  the  Revolt 
was  a  Trap  laid  bi/  Government — Brougham^a  Opinion— Stepa  taken  by 
England  to  goud  the  People  to  Jnaurrection — Lord  Durham,  on  Canada 
— The   Electiona — A  Colonial  Parliament — Melbourne'a  Cabirut — Mr. 
VanBuren^s  Praclaination  of  Neutrality — Arcjibiahitp  Carrolfa  Miaaiojt-~ 
John  Quincy  Adam^'a  Oration — Slilas  WrighVa  franka — La  Fayette — Mr. 
Poiniett — Secret  Societiea^-The  Preaeott  Heroes — The  PreaidenVa  Poll- 
ay— 'Mr.  Duane,  on   Neutrality  with  France — Engliah  Juatice^^Mel. 
bourne's  molivea  for  producing  a  Revolt — War  with  the  United  Statet— 
Patronage — Revolt  invited,  to  poatpotie  a  Surrender — Head  on  Agitation 
■ — Maekenxie^s  movement — The  Welsh  Insurrection — Am/fricana  in  Cana. 
da — Mitvementa  at  Bi^ulo,  <|-c. — Arfful  uae  made  thereof — Garrovo*a  Re- 
port— introduction  to  a  Gua-^Excellent  results  of  the  encampment  on 
Navy  laland.9-Mee{ings  in  Rocheater — I'he  Globe  reusing  the  Frontiar^^ 
England  Arms  the  United  States!'  Indiana— Inaulta  t»  the  Frontier  Citi<- 
tens — Governor  Mirey— Aaron  Vail-^Caleb  Gushing,  on  Canada'— Ah 
Appeal  to  Mr.  Cuthing — Shall  our  Treaties  be  mainta  ned  ? — ReprehenaU 
Ale  conduct  of  N.  S.Benton — Lnrd  John  RuaseU  praiota  the  Military 
Officera  and  Government  of  the  United  States — Who  are  the  Robbers  and 
Brigands? — Marvelloua  Impartiality  of  the  rreeident ! — Judge  Wilkins 
en  Neutralltif — Late  and  its  Twin  Oracles  I — And  Cfansral  Keim  on  Di. 
plomary— 'America  alwaye  prepared  for  W'JT'—Kind  eomplitnenta,  the 
Globe  and  the  Engliah— The  NptB-Hampskire  Fatriot'^TDurhinn  tmd 
Buffalo — Secret  Despatch— Generol  BurU*^t%t  Firontisr  Peopla — Con. 
slutunu 


2J       WHO  BEGAN  THE  FRONTIER  TROUBLES? 


t 


'  s^.  r-f 


There  is  a  people,  mighty  in  ita  youth, 

A  land  beyond  the  oceans  of  the  west, 

Where,  though  with  rudest  rites,  Freedom  and  Truth 

Are  worshipped —  Suillby. 


God  of  Justioe,  where  sleeps  thy  Thundsr? 


Caleb  C  us  hi  no. 


Gentlemen  : 


\ 


>«#> 


The  follo\vin£f  narrative  of  the  origin  and  progress  of  the  C&nadinn 
revolt  of  1837,  shewing  the  nature  and  extent  of  my  connexion  with 
it,  rests  on  facts  so  indisputable,  and  presents  the  Canadian  question 
in  so  new  and  interesting  a  light,  that  much  advantage  raav  be  gain- 
ed even  by  the  well  informed  from  its  careful  perusal. 

I  venture  to  assure  you  (hat  a  perusal  of  this  addre-s  will  afford  un- 
questionable evidence  of  the  important  fact,  that  the  Canadians,  in 
lS37j  were  goaded  into  premature  revolt,  in  accordanee  with  the  de- 
sign, the  deliberate,  settled  purpose  of  Her  Majesty's  Government  in 
England,  and  with  as  bad  faith  towards  your  country  as  could  have 
characterized  the  acts  of  an  open  enemy. 

This  was  done-- 

1.  To  affoid  the  Queen  a  pretext  for  suspending  the  constitutions 
of  the  Canadas  and  substituting  the  power  of  the  foreign  bayonet. 

2.  To  increase  the  patronage  of  the  Crown  in  the  Colonies. 

3.  To  give  occasion  for  dissension  with  the  United  States,  and  if 
possible  put  thiscountry  in  tiie  wrong. 

4.  To  enable  England,  in  time  o(  peace,  to  increase  h^r  land  and 
naval  forces  on  your  northern  frontiers,  and'to  test  llie  courage  and 
lully  ascertain  the  feelings  and  latent  views  of  your  border  counties, 
your  congress  and  national  executive,  so  that  she  might  correctly  an- 
ticipate the  extent  of  your  resistance  in  the  event  of  her  provoking 
you  (o  a  general  cOotest. 

On  the  2Jst  of  lVi\y,  1832,  during  an  election,  some  of  the  citizens 
of  Montreal  were  massacred  in  ihe  public  streets  in  the  day  time,  by 
tlie  British  soldiery,  under  circumstances  bearing  a  strong  res"m- 
blance  to  the  Boston  massacre,  six  years  before  tiie  revolution  of 
1776.  Colonel  Macintosh,  their  commander,  returned  to  England, 
the  king  and  his  ministers  received  him  with  marks  of  special  appro- 
bation, and  his  majesty  invited  him  to  dine  at  the  royal  board. 

In  March,  1S37,  both  Houses  of  the  English  Parliament  solemnly 
sanctioned  the  practice  by  the  Colonial  Governors  of  applying  the 
■Whole  revenue  of  Canada  without  the  consent  of  its  legislature,  and 
thus  reduced  its  people  to  a  state  of  political  servitude  under  a  foreign 
military  despotism. 

Great  excitement  was  produced  in  Canada  by  this  virtual  annihila- 
i\on  of  the  functions  of  the  local  legislative  power,  and  on  the  6th  of 
JN'ovember,  the  royalists  injured  Mr.  Papineau's  house,  destroyed  the 
.office  of  the  Vindicatnr  newspaper,  conducted  by  one  county  mem- 
'ber  and  owned  by  the  brother  of  another,  began  to  arrest  the  men  who 
had  most  of  the  public  confidence,  beat,  bruised,  and  insulted  the  na- 
tive population  and  goaded  them  into  a  premature  revolt,  for  which 
the  government  had  made  every  preparation,  while  the  people  had 
4nade  none. 

Fearing  the  result  of  a  contest  single  handed  with  Britain,  at  peace 
Mrith  all  Europe,  the  Canadians  had  sullenly  borne  for  many  years  her 
•oruel  yoke.    Mr.  P«pineau,  in  his  manifesto  recently  published  in 


"  — r  frj 
"  and  _ 
. "  herent 
"  assem 
"MON 
"  DIST 
''THE 
"  ALL< 

"  Tion 

Agaii 
month, 
tha(  I  wl 
'him  to  il 
purpose! 
that  thel 
•Yonge 

Uppel 


LBV. 


I  aa  ?r  WHO  BROKE  THE  TREATY?  fS 

France,  says—"  Now  I  defy  the  British  Government  to  contradict  me 
"  when  I  affirm  that  none  of  us  had  prepa**  i,  desired  or  even  foreseea 
"  armed  resistance.  But  that  government  had  determined  to  rob  the 
"  province  of  its  revenue  and  of  its  representative  system.  It  had  de- 
"  termined  to  devote  us,  some  to  death,  others  to  exile.  It  was  with 
"  that  view  that  it  proclaimed  Martial  Law  and  caused  citizens  to  be 
^'  tried  by  Courts  Martial  for  acts  which,  some  weeks  before,  it  had 
"  admitted  could  not  furnish  a  plea  for  any  accusation.  The  neces- 
*' sity  of  creating  Courts  Martial  is  founded  on  the  impossibility  of 
''obtaining  sentences  of  death  from  civil  tribunals!  Thus  again  has 
"the  Executive  power  put  into  opeiation  against  innocent  men,  in 
"  support  of  ill  understood  metropolitan  inteiests,  inhuman  tribunals 
"  which  it  had  itself  acknowledged  it  had  not  the  right  to  authorize." 

Messengers  were  sent  from  Lower  Canada,  to  iutluential  liberals 
at  Toronto,  to  enquire  whether  the  Anglo-Canadian  race  would  assist 
the  sister  colony.  'I  lough  unarmed  and  uudisciplined,  the  utmost 
willingness  was  manif^-sted  by  reformers  to  embark  in  the  cause. 

Sir  Francis  Bond  Head  was  the;.  Governor  of  Upper  Canada,  on 
behalf  of  the  Q,ueen  of  England,  and  he  has  officially  stated  to  the 
world  that  of  this  mission  and  our  jtreparations  for  effectisg  a  change 
in  the  government  of  the  country,  he  was  particularly  well  informer!, 
and  that  he  cuuld  have  prevented  all  disturbances,  both  on  the  fron- 
tier and  the  interior;  instead  of  which  he  says  he  sent  away  the  En- 
glish forces,  out  of  the  province,  as  an  inducement  to  insurrecliou, 
and  that  he  might  be  enabled  to  shed  blood. 

The  Upper  Canada  Gazette  Extraordinary,,  printed  under  "  royal 
authority,"  "by  Robert  Stanton,  Printer  to  the  Glucen's  Mo?t  Excel- 
lent Majesty,"  on  the  28th  December,  1837,  the  day  before  his  com- 
mander, McNab,  had  invaded  New  York»  announces,  tint  on  thai 
day,  at  Toronto,  Governor  Head  "  proceeded  in  state"  to  the  Legis- 
lative Council  Chamber,  where  being  "seated  on  the  Throne,"  lii; 
delivered  a  speech,  containing  the  following  avowals  : 

''Finding  that  against  cool  argument  they  [meaning  the  discon- 
"  tented  republicans]  could  advance  nothing,  they  desperately  deter- 
"  mined  to  try  an  appeal  to  physical  strength,  the  avowed  object  of 
•'  which  was  to  force  Her  Majesty's  subjects  from  their  allegiance, 
"  and  to  subvert  the  British  Constitution  under  the  pretext  of  reform. 
tC^  "  As  soon  as  this  Conspiracy  became  known  to  me,  I  cheerfully 
?Ef=*  •'  approved  of  Her  Majesty's  Troops  leaving  the  Province.  — 

JEJ*  " I  allowed  the  Leader  of  the  intended  Insur- 

|E1=  "  rection  a  full  opportunity  to  make  his  intended  experiment 
"  — I  freely  allowed  him  to  write  what  he  chose— say  what  he  chose, 
"  and  do  what  he  chose— I  allowed  him  to  assemble  his  deluded  ad- 
. "  herents  for  the  purpose  ot  drill — I  even  allowed  them  unopposed  to 
"  assemble  with  loaded  fire-arms;  and  IN  SPITE  OF  THE  RE- 
"  MONSTRANCES  WHICH,  FROM  ALMOST  EVERY 
"DISTRICT  IN  THE  PROVINCE,  I  RECEIVED  FROM 
"  THE  PEACEABLE  PORTION  OF  THE  COMMUNITY,  I 
"ALLOWED  HIM  TO  MAKE  DELIBERATE  PREPARA- 
"  TIONS  FOR  REVOLT." 

Again,  m  a  despatch  dated  from  Toronto,  on  the  19tb  of  earae 
month,  he  tells  Lord  Glenelg,  that  "  he  observed  with  eatiefaction,' 
that  I  was  pursuing  a  lawless  course  ;  "that  I  was  freely  permitted  by 
■him  to  make  every  preparation  in  my  power  "  for  revolt ;"  that  "he 
purposely  dismissed  fiom  Upper  Canada  the  whole  of  the  troops  ;  and 
that  the  burning  of  private  property  afler  the  struggle,  was  begun  on 
•Yonge  Street  in  open  day.  by  his  especial  orders." 

Upper  Canada,  ever  since  I  have  kaownit,  has  been  subject  to  tbe 


4]   WHO  BEGAN  THE  FRONTIER  TKOUBLKS? 

most  thorough  system  of  espionns^e.  Gait  the  nonlUt  complained 
of  it  ill  BtackwoodN  Magazine— Capt.  Matthews  ot  the  British  Army 
had  his  p  'nsion  taki'n  trum  him  un  the  report  of  a  i>pv,  and  was  or- 
dered to  return  to  En:jfiand,  for  asking:  the  band  of-an  American  com- 
5 .any  of  strolling  players,  at  Little  Yo^k  lo  play  '*  Hail  Culunibia." — 
n  tnii  way,  Sir  F.  Head  became,  as  he  admits,  aware  of  our  every 
movement.  In  certain  Po  t  Offices,  letter  opening  is  an  item  of  duty 
for  which  there  h  a  regular  chars:i>,  and  after  Sir  George  Arthur  had 
extended  the  spy  system  to  the  United  State-,  he  demanded  a  grant 
irom  the  legislature  to  pay  the  wretches  he  had  secretly  emiiloyed, 
and  whose  names  he  concealed.  Sir  George,  in  his  ''  speech  from  th4 
throne,"  said  : 

"  1  have  likewise  been  obliged  to  expand  considerable  sums  in  pro- 
"  curing  accuratf  tifoi-vtattnn  oftht  designs  of  the  contpiratort  in 
"  the  adjacent  States,  a?  well  as  of  their  confederates  within  tht-Pro- 
"  vince:  and  in  supporting  a  frequent  and  rapid  communication  with 
"  Ht  r  Majesty's  Government  at  Hume,  and  Her  Minister  at  Wash* 
"  inzton. 

"  In  confidence  of  your  sanction  being  most  readily  given  to  thest 
"  necessarv  disbursements,  I  have  assumed  (he  responsibility  of  ad- 
•'  vancing,  FROM  THE  CROWN  REVENUE,  the  amount  of  th« 
"  most  pressing  demands  under  these  heads  of  S  rvio  :  and  a  state* 
"  ment  of  tho.>p  advances,  shall  iniau-diately  be  laid  before  you." 

Sir  Francis  Hend'a  public  conduct  was  so  satisfactory  to  H(  r  Ma> 
esty,  that  Lord  Glenel^  thanked  him  for  the  good  sense,  sl(iU  and  a- 


C 


itlty  he  had  dis])lnyed  as  Gorernor.  the  Queen  raised  hiin  from  a 
knighthood  of  the  Prussian  order  of  Merit,  to  the  l^gh  rank  cf  a  Bri* 
u^l  Daronet,  atid  on  his  recommendation,  knighted  the  hero  oi  Fort 
I  clilo  <er,  as  Sir  Allnu  Napier  McNab. 

So  far  bark  as  May,  1836,  eighteen  months  before  the  revolt,  Sir 
Francis  had  i'isucda  ruyal  proclamation,  from  Toronto,  msulting  the 
American  people,  informing  them  thattlie  Ca!iadi:ius  dv.e&ted  demoe* 
racy. and  concluding  with  the  bravado  of  Cume  if  ye  Dare! 

These  are  extracts : 

'•  The  people  of  Upper  Canada  detest  democracy ;  they  revere  their 
'*  constitutional  charter,  ai^d  are,  consequently,  staunch  in  allegiance 
*'  to  their  King. 

*•  They  are  perfectly  aware  that  there  exists  in  th  *  Lower  Proyince 
"  one  or  two  individuals  w  ho  inculcate  the  idea,  that  this  Province  is 
"about  to  be  distuibid  by  the  interference  of  foreigners,  whose 
*'  power  and  who«e  numbers  will  prove  invincible. 

"  In  the  name  of  every  resim-nt  of  Militia  in  Upper  Canada,  I  pub- 
licly promulgate~LET  THEM  COME  IF  THEY  DARE!" 

Governor  Head  informed  Lord  Glenelg,  by  lett«-r  dated  Toronto,  Sep> 
tember  lOth,  1837,  that  'the  idle,  the  profligate  ann  the  unprincipled, 
"  see  that  DBMDCRACY  in  the  United  States  is  rapidly  hurrying  to 
••  ANARCHY  and  they  well  know  that  Anarchy,  or.  in  oth«  r  words, 
"  PLUNDER,  is  the  shortest  method  of  obtaining  wealth."  Again, 
he  writes  Lord  Melborne,  that  *'  republican  principles  .had  created  on 
"  the  continent  qf  America  a  vulgur  mnbrtyranny  under  which  neither 
"  life  nor  prope-ty  are  Becure."r-<See  Narrative,  p.  440. 

When  Sir  Francis  Head  demanded  his  recall,  the  inMructions  to 
Sir  George  Arthur  were  in  spirit  and  in  substance,  <*  follow  in  the 
footsteps  of  your  pred  cessor."  In  the  Colonial  Corr  spondence  ot 
1839,  we  find  Sir  George  writing  from  Toronto,  May  l^lh,  to  my  lQr4 
Normanby,  as  follows :    I  quote  despatch  107,  U.  C 

"Before  I  left  England,  Lord  Glenelg  personally  impressed  vetj 
**  strongly  upon  me  that  the  general  tcvur  of  Sir  Fn(iHH«  if^*9  *4' 


-  -».■»•«  «►*«*,  Jf«»-"rtrt»  *»=%i.. 


-A  v*»«  »^*«»  ^  _ 


7 

iplained 

Array 

was  ur- 

in  com- 

i»iia.»— 

ir  every 

of  duty 

hur  had 

a  fifrant 

iployed, 

from  th4 

in  pro< 
atora  in 
th**  Pro- 
ion  with 

Wash* 


whose 


I 


•*  ministration  wn«  entirely  approved  >)v  Her  Majesfv's'Gorerftfncrfft^ 
"  I  w!ts  to  raake  ihis  known  on  mv  arrival  in  Upr-'t  Canada,  and  ti^ 
"  explain  tiiat  no  c'han»e  of  m**asuros  wa«  inicniled  hy  the  chattgp  ot 
■**  Govrnorp.  I  was  to  pi.rso"  tht*  sam*  lin»*  ol  policy  a^  my  prode^* 
**'  cpssor,  and  to  give  mv  cooufcnancp  to  that  n(<nstitutional  piirfy 
"  which  had  ««unported  him  and  by  which  th"  majority  of  th*'  present 
'  IJouse  of  A  ftembly  had  been  rr'iurned*  A  «trirt  adiier  nre  to  ih¥ 
"  same  system  was  also  di'-lincilyand  envphntically  proscibf-d  lo  me, 
'«  in  th"  Secretary  of  Ripitf's  despatch.  No.  7,  ol  th«'  2nth  of  Dec.  1937, 
"  to  which  I  b'ff  to  call  your  Lordship's  parti'-uhrati'-nt'on.  Acccr- 
■*'  dinaly.  on  my  first  a»  uminar  this  covernment  1  made  it  the  ^iile  oi 
*'  mv  duly  to  follow,  with  some  ino'lification-s,  the  rour  e  of  policy 
"  which  mv  immpdiat**  prod' re^^nr  had  pur«nr'd.  'I'O  TIIF.  AVOW- 
«R1)  ENTIRR  SATISFACTION.  OF  HER  MAJESTY'S 
«  MINISTERS." 


On  tlie'^Hh  ot  Novemuer,  l8^i7,  Lord  U.enelg,  Colonial  &)ucretary, 
wro  0  Governor  Head  (defi,'jatch  No.  247) — "  Every  act  of  which  you 
*'  have  b<'en  ihe  au  hor,  involving  any  of  the  general  and  permanent  in> 
*'  terests  of  the  Province,  1  have  banctioned  and  approved." 

You  will  thus  perceive,  thai  the  Queen  of  En^.aod  and  her  Minis* 
tcrs  not  only  approved  of  Sir  Francis's  conduct  in  inviting  and  urging 
on  a  revolt,  but  that  they  aUo  directed  Sir  George  to  u&e  the  same 
means,  pursue  the  same  system,  aid  irust  the  same  men. 

That  the  frontier  tnubls  of  1837-3  wer«  invited,  caused,  and  ear- 
•estly  desired  by  ''  h«  r  inaje-'ty'a  authorities  in  North  America,"  we 
iiave  the  above  full  and  frank  confessions,  which  His  Excillenty  the 
Earl  of  Duiham,  L  >rd  High  Commissioiter  ol  the  Canadas^  to  make 
special  enquiry  under  auih  >rity  of  an  act  of  the  three  estates  o/  tb« 
Bnglish  real  n,  duly  endors>-s. 

Lord  Dirham's  powers  to  enquire  into  the  alTaifs  of  Canada  were 
aor«  CiiU  aad  ample  than  had  ever  bel'oie  becu  cuulvrred  on  aoy  Bri- 


fn 


4]        W" 


.\  :\ 


:x-:\:::.2S7 


1  ti«h  subject  in  Americn.    His  Lor<lsliip  ^f/dn  no  hanger  on  of  a  nviivh)- 
<ry  hilt  one  of  the  wealthiest  noblemen  of  the  anoit>tti  families  in  the 

•  north  of -Enjiland.    <He  avows  and  declaies,  in  term?,  yet  more  fall 
.  and  Explicit  than  those  1  huvi;  quoted  fruni  Guvcrnors  Hond  and  Ar- 

thur'i  0(110111!  papers,  tliat  her  majesty's  authorities  in  Canada,  actinj; 
tjudi  r  in^truciioiysfrum  Euroftf,  exerted  their  utmost  powers  to  tempi 
tho  people  to  "try  the  experiment"  of  an  insurrection. 

I  possess  an  ori^'inal.,  aulkorized  copy  ol"  each  ot  the  documents 

•  here;  referred  to  ;  doubtless  they  are  also  to  be  found  on  the  shelves  of 

•  the  Library  d'' Congress. 

Sppakinij  of  the  above  revolt  (ol  December,  1837,)  Lord  Durham, 
:   Ju  pages  50  and  CO,  folio  report,  siiys  : 


''IT  CERTAINLY  APPEARED  TOO  MUCH  AS  IF  THE 
"  REBELLION  HAD  BEEN  PURPOSELY  INVITED  BY 
'■  THE  G(JVERNMENT,  AND  THE  UNFORTUNATE  MEN 
'WHO  TOOK  PART  IN  IT  DELIBERATELY  DRAWN 
'•  INTO  A  TRAP  BY  THOSE  WHO  SUBSEaUENTLY  IN 
"FLICTED  SO  SEVERE  A  PUNISHMENT  ON  THEM 
'•  FOR  THEIR  ERROR." 

Lord  Durham  could  have  Ti«d  no  great  trouble  In  arrivinsr  at  tWs 
rotjclusion,  for  Sir  Francis  had  proclaimed  from  '*  the  throne"  a  year 
before,  that  he  h'ad  deliberately  set  the  trap  and  baited  it  himself,with 
the  expres.s  design  and  intention  of  producing  revolt,  murder,  confis- 
cation, imprisonment  and  bloodshed. 

It  is  weJl  known  that  Lord  Brougham  opposed  from  ♦he  outset,  tho 
cruel  attempt  to  goad  the  Canadians  into  revolt,  and  tnat  he  did  not 
hesitate  for  a  moment  to  charge  ministers  with  that  crime.     So  too, 
the  London  leading  ministerial  journal,  tlie  Momivg  Chronkle,  in  the 
number  of  the  8rd  of  December,  1838,  fearlea.sly  accused  its  patrons 
with  planning  the  rebellion.     "Protected  (says  tha  Chronicle)  by  their 
"  irresponsibility,  the  majority  of  the  House  of  Lords  did  not  hesitate 
•  "  to  provoke  this  rebellion.     On  their  heads  will  be  the  ^uilt  of  the  blodd 
"  which  will  be  shed  in  Canada.    The  success  which  had  hitherto  at- 
"  tended  their  attempts  to  perpetuate  agitation  in  Ireland  led  them  to 
"  venture  on  the  disastrous  course  pursued  with  regard  to  Canada." 
The  Governors  of  the  North  American  Colonies  are  mere  under- 
:  lings.     Lord  Durham  tells  us,  speaking  of  Lower  Canada, and  it  is  the 
same  in  Upper  Canada,  that  "there  is  in  it  no  power  which  originates 
and  conducts  the  executive  government" — that  "the  Governor  is  said 
to  represent  the  Sovereign,  bat  he  is,  in  fact,  a  mere  subordinate  offi- 
cer, receiving  his  orders  from  the  Secretary  of  State  [in  Europe  IJ 
responsible  to  him  for  his  conduct,  and  guided  by  his  instructions." 

Mv  Lord  Melbouitne  and  his  associates  in  tjie  Government,  evi- 
dently desirous  to  keep  up  excitement  on  the  frontiers  of  these  states, 
had  strictly  charged  Sir  George  Arthur  to  follow  in  the  lootsteps  of 
Sir  Francis.  The  Hiarh  Commissioner's  Report,  drawn  up  by  Lord 
Durham,  Mr.  Buller,  Mr.  Wakefield,  and  others,  on  the  spot,  gives  us 
avcopy  of  this  rebellion  producing  receipe.  It  sets  forth,  page  28, 
that  it  would  almost  seem  as  if  the  object  of  those  who  established 
'ystem  of  government  in  Upper  Canada,  &c.,  "  had  been  the 
combiqing  of  apparently  ;7opt</ar  institutions  wiih  an  utter  absenceitt 


a  nviiv'w- 
«s  in  the 

iiiore  full 

and  Ar> 

a,  acting; 

to  tempi 

>cum€'nts 
htlvesof 

Durham, 


; 


■'"■■""•T 


rp  THE 
ED  BY 
E  MEN 
RAWN 

fLY  IN 
THEM 

Z  at  th4s 
"  a  year 
self,with 
r,  confis- 

itset,  tho 
i  did  not 
So  too, 
le,  in  the 
patrons 
by  their 
heflitate 
iheblocd 
herto  at> 
them  to 
lada." 
!  under- 
it  is  the 
rigioates 
ir  is  said 
late  offi- 
lurope !} 
ons." 
jnt,  evi- 
e  states, 
[steps  of 
vf  Lord 
jives  us 
age  28, 
iblished 
een  the 
senc&ot 


•~Wiio  nil ^KE'^Tiii:"  -riii: A .  v>  Xp 

-'•SiU  effivjieiJt  tfbntrol  of  the  people  over  their  rulers" — p.39  ;' that'  ''oirt 

♦  of  the  greatest  oi'aliihe  evils,  arising  iVofnthi*  system  of  irresponia* 
ble  government^  wai»  the  MYSTERY  in  which  ihe  motives  riiid  inc- 

'  tual  purposes  ot  '.htir  rulers  were  hid  Croiai  the  colonists  ihfinselves" 
—page  GO;  that  a  "  rahiily  comjioct,'*  "  a  small  body  of  men,"  retacifl 
"a  monopoly  of  power  and  prohi"— p.  61 ;  that  even  an  Englishman* 
if  he  is  not  one  of  the  fiiction  '^is  less  an  alien  in  a  foreign  country 
than  in"  Canadar-p.  62;  that  the  disloyalty  of  American  settlers 
had  been  increased   by  rendering  their  titles  io  their  estates  doubtiFlrl 

■  ■— p.  03;  thiit  government  by  giving  every  seventh  farm  in  the  pro- 
vince, "und  great  lomporal  power  therewith,  to  one  small  denomina- 
tion of  christians,  had  embittered  the  public  mind— p.  05;  that  the 
Irish  Catholics  are  r.nd  ever  have  been  wholly  cxciudtd  from  a  share 
in  the  i^uverimu-nt,  though  very  numerous  ;  that  Governor  Head  had 
j^anctioued  and  encouraged  the  establishment  and  spread  of  Orange 
Clubs;  that  parliamentary  flections  of  the  Attorney  Ccneral  and 
others,  had  been  carried  by  means  of  the  outrageous  violence  of  these 
orange  mobs — p.  OG;  that  the  administration  of  justice  is  impure,  a 
very  considerable  part  of  the  province  without  toads,  schools,  rnilltf. 
post-offices  or  churches,  and  most  of  the  emigrants  poorer  than  they 

"   were  tea  years  ago ;  that  valuable  lands  given  to  support  schools  have 

•  been  wilaheld  from  the  people — p.  67  ;  that  tea  and  other  articles  are 
British  monopolies,  and  the  province  without  a  port  of  entry— p;  66  ; 
that  there  is  five  millions  ot  dollars  of  public  debt,  the  money  wasted,  and 
the  people  burthened  with  the  payment  of  the 'interest — p.  69;  that 
the  people  are  powerless,  tiio  executive  irresponsible, and  good  muni- 
cipal instituljons  refused  to  be  granted— p.  75;  that  the  United  States 
Irjnticr  is  a  f)icture  of  prosperity, that  of  Canada  poverty  personified  ; 
that  the  average  tlilierence  In  the  value  of  land  between  Ojiper  Can- 
ada and  New  York  and  Michigan  averaj^es  several  hundred  percent. 
— p.  7G;  that  the  colonists  are  leaving  for  the  United  States— p.  73  ; 
that  incalculable  injury  is  done  to  the  settlers  by  granting  of  lands  to 
favorites  who  do  not  iritend  to  settle  on  them,  of  which  lands  (p.  79) 
not  a  tenth  is  cultivated — p.  85  ;  that  these  blocks  of  wild  land  "  place 
tlie  actual  settler  in  an  almost  hopeless  condition,"  and  cause  civiliz- 
ation to  retrogade — p.  92;  that  British  emigrants  are  ill-used  at  To- 

\  ronto,  and  retire  to  the  United  States  in  disgust— p.  94  ;  that  a  large 
portion  of  the  people  look  with  envy  at  the  institutions  and  prosperity 
of  the  United  States.' to  which  Canada  "  presents  a  melancholy  con- 
trast"— p.  95  ;   that  if  thesystom  of  government  is  not  changed^  an 
*'  invader  would  soon  find  no  resistance  from  the  resident  population"— 
t,  p.  HI;  that  a  colonist  feels  that  his  link  in  the  empire  *'isoneofre- 
•:  mote  dependence,"  while  "in  its  government  he  and  his  countrymen 

•  have  no  voice" — p.  118  ;<that  the  government  of  England  had  plung- 

•  ed  the  people  into  disorder — p,  57  ;  that  Sir  Francis  Head  made  him- 
,     self  a  party  at  the  electioneerili'g  contest  of  1836,  against  the  reformers, 

:and  thus  procured  the  return  of  a  House  of  Assembly  without  public 

■  confidence,  '■^because;  in  fact,  the  circumstan6es  under  which  they 

■*'  [the  members  of  th^  House]  were  elected,  were  such  as  to  render 

*'  Ihetn  peculiarly  olrjecla  of  suspicion  and  reproach  to  a  laige  nuw- 

"  her  of  their  countrymen.     They  are  acciiaed  of  having  violated 

"  their  pMses  at  the  election. IN  A  NUMBER  OF 

••'  INSTANCES,  Too,  THE  ELECTIONS  WERE  CARRIED 

*•  BY  THE   UNSCRUPULOUS    EXERCISE  OF   THE  IN- 

"FLUENCE  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT,  and  by  a  display  of 

"'*'■  violence  on  the  pat  t  of  the  Tories,  who  were  emboldened  by  the 

"  countenance  afforded  to  them  by  the  government ;  that  such  facts 

"  %-iUMf  suck  iffipressions  produced  in  the  country  «n(  exaspsratim 


W') 


vr  y,  fJf-Xff:^  I -. 


*  rji»*-is  »T^ 


«*'" 


^1 


w:i(>it;:\:;a.'V  Tiii.  i<Tioi<f  rifii'R.  n"irLr.rx-.T 


'^and  n  denmir  »f  (rnvit  ffovrnmrHt,  WPJICII  EXTKNnRT> 
■^KAIl  BEV(iM>  TIIOSR  WHO  HAD  A(' I'UAU.Y  BEEiM 
•*DKI<'AI'EL)  AT  THE  POLL,"  '"  ""»"".  wuids  •»'"  majoruy 
■w»*re  'XiispTilcd  «n<l  df!?paii»'(l  ol  oblainiuj  justice— p.  59;  ihnt  by 
Head's  milk  Li-yilniures,  *•  nu  ccoiioniiciil  p't'o.-in*  wor-  iiilroduced.*' 
while  ill"  lit  w  Houpof  A'^-'tiiiM/  sfl  pubic  opinion  a»  nonglil,  aod 
potmliir  di  c  mti-nt  '•  «ap  rurrlcd  lo  il«  hfiijlii  bv  Jin  net,  fliat  nnppar* 
'•ed  IN  Ul5:FiA\'CK  OP  ALL  CONS  riTOTlO-NAL  KIGHT, 
*'to  proL)iiir  il>''  power  of  a  niHJuity,  whici),  it  was  •  oppose  I  counted 
*•  on  not  l>  iiijj  i.b.i'  in  r»'(aiii  it-i  exi'  teiict^  afier  an*)lher  app^'nl  lo  tlie 
■♦*  peO)  liv"  'I  hi-t  was  an  act  wliicli  ha*,  '"  in  Tu't  prnlonetd  the  ex- 
istenrt  i\f  th'  present  Aanernbly  from  the  period  of  a  tingle  year  /• 
«»«  offiiur." 

"  Sucli  (we  are  told  by  Lord  Durham)  are  the  lamenfable  re«ult» 
**  of  i!if  p.Kiiical  ani  social  e.'iU  whic'i  liav'  '••olonc  harassed  rh  •  Ca- 
"  nada-i ;  and  ac  tlii^  nio  neiit  we  are  ohli.;id  to  adopt  iuimediat* 
"  nicasup  s  ajjiinu  dancji-rs  so  ularniiiiQ  as  are  rebi'llion.foreijjn  inra- 
''  siiin,  and  dcpopiilaiion  in  consequence  of  the  desertioir  en  maste  of 
**  a  pi'opli,'  rt'diic<'(|  t(i  de-pair." 

In  sudj  a  hor  !!)!•'  stat"  ofthinfrs  th^  wonder  i^  no)  that  there  waa 
an  insurr  rtion.  but  tl'.ar  it  wa^polons:  k<'P'  b^K"!*-  I'  will  be  seen  lliat 
Sir  KrRnci-i  Head  op 'nly  tiiiniplel  oi  everv  vrsiice  of  the  people's 
Jib  rtte<(,tlii'nbv  to  incite  lev'ot.  The  eountrv  haJ  sent  th^eeas^fnta 
to  Enirl:in«l  i  I  ISIO-?.  no»  omb  of  «hoin  wa-  nlliwi-d  '•  to  darken  the 
doors  of  llvf  t"!ii|iMiiiil  (iflice '"  Ai  d  when  Had'-s  villainous  conduct 
had  produc  d  litter  discontint,  r  voli  and  liloid>hed.  Sir  Gi'or?»*  Ar- 
thur wa-t  de-patchi'd  <Voni  Downing  Stre-t  and  told  to  walk  the 
tiam"  coiirs  ,  and  confiJe  i  i  ihf  same  iii<  h,  and  thus  goad  the  people 
on  in  mor"  inien«e  refli-iniic". 

♦'Conniderinj,"  flnys  Governor  Tlend,  in  pR?o  30.  oflii"*  Narrativo 
**th»t  our  laluiihle  N  Tih  American  Colon  es  w^rn  »in[)ported  almost  by 
every  Imly  m  Enorlii'id,  and  esjiccially  by  the  tiovernnicnt,  to  bo  on  the 
point  of  Ht^paritmif  ihemse'ves  from  the  prirent  s'atp,"  &c.,  Ai-ain,  p. 
194,  to  Lord  Rene!g,  An<riist  ^^9.  I8"i7 — '"the  Upper  Province  wan, 
and  the  Lower  ia  pungent ly.  on  the  l>rink  ot  r<w(»lut,ioM.  —  —  —  — 
The  concilintiona  which  Ijord  fJost'ord  his  bppti  commandod  to  make 
in  Lower  Canada,  have  ended  in  O:^-  ANXRCHY."  Agnin,  ho 
Wrfite^  liord  Melbourne,  Sfpt.  18,  XH-^S^  '^on  nny  arrival  in  Unner  Ca- 
oada  I  f»»nnH  myself  not  only  b  muled  on  the  one  side  by  l^ower  Ca- 
nada on  the  eve  of  n  revolt,  and  on  thf>  other  aide,  by  the  United 
States,  whnne  GOyERNMENT.  as  well  as  p'  ople,  w^re  s-cretly  us. 
ing  their  influence  to  exterminate  from  the  continent  of  America  Mo- 
narchical inatitutiona  but  I  foinul  mynelf  exposed  to  and  onposed  by  a 
republican  House  of  Anaembly  "  '  That  Afsembly  repres-'nted  the 
■enae  of  the  people,  and  it  waa  chanfred  by  Sir  Fraucia  in  the  manner 
described  bv  Lord  Duviiam^  to  invite  revolt. 

To  enable  Sir  G<  o  ar*'  to  harra^s  Upper  Canada  and  impoverish  it 
more  efT-'Ctualtv,  the  driti!»h  Mini  .try  eagerly  confirm-  d  ih"  dishonest 
'Colonitfl  act  by  which  a  pretended  popular  body  were  enabled  to  vote 
themselves  re|>rt3eittatives  of  the  colonists  for  fburvear<«  thou<{h  flee- 
ted but  for  one  sessi  )n.  And  so  ba''elaced  wa<  Lord  M^bourne's 
eahinetf  that  in  conieo'  t  of  ih*'ir  own  Hi<;h  Codimissioner's  R>  port^ 
•nd  after  it  had  been  presHnted  to  PailMment  bv  the  Q,ueen,  and  cir- 
culated far  and  wide  th  ouzhojt  Europe  and  America,  they  railed  to- 
gether a  House  of  Asspmbly  thus  elected  and  continued  in  defiance 
of  the  country,  and  asainst  whose  conduct  the  peiple  were  •  za-'pera- 
ted  even  to  de-'pai'-^  and  souc^ht  it'«  sanction  to  statutfH  t<  r  the  murder 
of  Americau  CilizenS|  who,  prompted  by  a  generous  aympttiiy  tat 


."f 


'H>' «»  «««»"««.«r  at 


*  s 


. 


WHO  BROKE  THZ  TREATY?  [9 

their  oppressed  brethren,  had  gallantly  perilled  their  lives  to  break  an 
ignoble  bondage. 

Ala«!  thutun  American  Secretary  or  State  Khould  have  panned,  or 
an  American  PieWde.it  procliiinied  froin  the  imniorial  VVuih  ngton*s 
time  hotiortd  !«eat,  that  ihi-  brave  youths  who  li>iened  to  the  cry  of 
their  diMr  Med  I'riendfi,  neiii^hbors  and  relatives,  thus  enfrnppm,  and 
hattene  I  t»>  their  r.'lit'f,  should  "  be  left,  rrproarhed  by  etery  rirtu- 
»fui  fellow  rilixfm,  iu  be  dealt  with  aciortling  to  the  policy  and  iua- 
tice  of*'  the  Canadian  government ;  and  that  ilicir  conduct  was  *'  NE> 
FARlOUS,"  •*  and  without  the  hhaduw  of  juiti.icatiun  or  excuse."— 
Who  can  t'ot^ci,  that  whil  *  muna  chy  r«m:iin8  on  ihi^  continent,  iht 
governm'nt  of  ihese  State*  i^  in  danger? 

Reduce  to  gfi)«  al  practice  the  principle  attempted  to  be  establish- 
ed by  this  prunlHmaiiuii,  and  one  man  would  b.*  bound  to  see  hit 
neighbour  rubbtd  and  murdered  without  giving  him  nid.  if  the  deed 
were  done  b.'yoiid  the  real  or  iniaijinary  line  of  the  jurisdiction  under 
which  he  lived.  The  attempt  wa*  not  mad^*  until,  on  the  authority 
of  ih'  High  (.'0  nmi<siiMier  uf  England,  gov* niirent  '-  in  thise  eolo> 
nies"  had  been  superceded  by  "ooustituied  anarchy.*' 

The  United  Staiei  were  colonies  of  England  in  1775,  when  they 
sent  Arclibi-^hop  Carroll  of  Md  ,  C.  Carroll,  and  Dr.  Franklin,  to  in- 
vite the  Canidim  subjects  of  England  to  revolt,  iind  the  right  icv- 
erfnd  prelate  and  those  who  sent  him,  half  a^s  good  an  excuse  aa  Vua 
Shultze  and  hi^  nobleco  itrades? 

la  1335,  vijur  then  printer.  Duff  Green,  published  by  your  order,  ^t 
the  national  e.xpense,  20,000  copies  ef  an  oration,  delivered  by  thfit 
eminent  citizen,  John  Quiucy  Adams,  on  the  death  anu  character  of 
General  La  Faye  te^  ot  which  I  was  favored  nt  Toronto  with  two  cu 
pies,  one  uf  them  franked  by   >*  Silas  Wiight,  Jun.,  U.  S.  Senatf>,' 
one  of  your  ablest  statesmen^  to  whom  i  atn  a  stranger.    If  ^t>. 
Wright  h«d  sent  among  the  fine  youn^  ui'^n  of  St.  Lawrence  u,  j 
Jeiferson  Counties,  the  same  chaste  and  beautiful  eulogy  on  a  you:  i 
of  nineteen  wh.)  .eft  the  voluptuous  and  elegant  court  of  Versailles, 
and  bade  adieu  to  his  blooming  bride,  to  act  as  a  volunteer  for  tht 
lib  -raiion  of  a'people  of  anoth  r  tongue  and  origin,  3,000  miles  dis- 
tant, who  knew  not-hulfthe  ^ri  vancef  the  Canudiaus  have  groaned 
under,  the  La  Fayettes  who  lought  at  Prescotl  would  hne  tried  ia 
Tain  to  reconcile  theadniraiion  there  express  d  for  the  patrician  of 
France,  with  Mr.  Forsyth^  har^h  censor  s  of  conduct  tqually  just, 

fenerous  and  disintereted  towards  their  brethren  beyond  the  St. 
lawrence,  as  that  which  furiiied  the  theme  of  Mr.  Adama'^  eloquent 
discourse. 

Mr.  Joel  Poin<!ett, secretary  at  var,<ay8,  in  his  report  of  the28lh  of 
Nov'r.,  183S.  that  the  citizens  uf  the  United  Stites,  '^on  the  frontier 


"  tv.  The  ineanv  u^ed  are  as  reprehensible  as  the  end  proposed  it 
<<  NEFARIOUS.'*  And  this  republican  in  nam  ■  goes  on,  regretting 
in  true  British  tury  style,  that  his  d.^partiuent  had  not  enough  of  such 
trained  band  soldi  r^  in  its  standing  army,  as  would  be  able,  European 
fashion,  to  prevt  nt  all  attempts  of  the  generous  Americans,  to  help 
Upper  Canada,  *'or  to  succor  the  insurgents  in  the  Lowrr  Province." 
Mr.  Poinsett  denounces  secret  societies  as  reprehensible.  It  may 
be  so.  I  unders  and,  however,  that  he  wa'«  the  mo -t  conspicuous  and 
successful  sch>  m-'r  of  recret  societies  in  all  Mexi-  o,when  there  as  an 
American  minister^  ^nd  am  credibly  iafonued,  th^t  it  was  his  sue* 
4caful  e:!(arr}ple  thai  furnished  the  idea  on  these  frontitra  of  eatalh 


**V  i ' 


wmm 


[i 


\ 


10]     WJiO  BEGAI*  THE  FRONTIER  TROUBLES? 

lishing  Huaters'  Societies,  some  of  the  original  planners  of  which^ 
were  spies  from  tlie  other  side,  whose  teatimonv  in  Canada  caused 
the  viQl«i*nt  deaths  of  some  of  the  bravest  of  the  American  volunteers.. 
It  is  difficult,  to  believe  that  one  who  could  uae  the  language  chosen 
bjr  M?.  Poinsett,  is  other  than  a  secret  eneuiy  of  the  equal  rights  and 
equal  obligations  system  of  honest  democracy. 

"You  may  go  to. banishment  or  the  gallows,"  said  Messrs.  For- 
syth, Poinsett,  Van  Buren  and  Kendall,  tothePre>cott  heroes,  though 
not  in  so  many  words,  "  reproached  by  every  virtuous  fellow  citizen." 
That  is  to  say,  "  the  invawers  of  Texas,  where  there  was  no  tyranny 
'' or  revolt,  were  cheered  on  their  way  toconqu^-st;  and  the  volun- 
"  teers,  who  went  to  aid  oppressed  neighbors,  in  Canada, where  there 
"  is.  tyranny  and  consequent  revolt,  are  doomed  lo  the  gibbet  !  Gen- 
'•  eral  Jackson  aroused  a  spirit  unfavourable  to  unoffending  Mexico: 
"  Mr.  Van  Buren  throws  his  whole  influence  against  unfortunate  Ca- 
"  .nada  !  Weak  Mexico  is  b-reft  of  two  of  her  Provinces,  and  mighty 
'•  England  is  helped  to  keep  hers  in  chains  !" 

And  ifi  this  the  language  of  honest  old  Ainericin  domociacy  ?  I« 
the  spirit  of  the  Cabinet  at  Washington,  the  spirit  of  Seventy-S'xl — 
Well  may  we  say  with  the  Historian  of  England,  "mankind  are,  in  all 
ages,  caught  by  the  same  baits  ;  the  same  tricks,  played  over  and  over 
and  over  again,  still  trepan  them.  The  heights  of  popularity  and  pa- 
triotism are  still  the  beaten  road  to  power,  and  tyranny  and  flattery  to  , 
treachery." 

Is  it  not  truly  surprising,  that  the  sycophancy  to  England  displayed 
by  Mr.  Poinsett,  should  have  descended,  as  if  oy  inheritance,  from 
one  official  to  another  during  a  period  of  half  a  century  !  Messrs. 
.Telf'rson,  Madison  and  Van  Buren  speak  in  glowing  terms  ol  the  be- 
ni'ii.  rf):if'rred  by  France,  yet  Poinsett  pants  for  a  standing  force 
w  liLnvviUi  10  hold  the  children  of  France  in  slavery  to  England  in 

Ca:i;idu. 

iS  e  how  atjxious  President  Van  Buren  is  to  keep  me  in  the  closest 
ooaiiiK  mont,  that  he  may  fulfil  treaties  and  gain  a  smile  from  Lord 
Johu  llussell,  and  political  capital  with  the  moneyed 'power  !  AH 
this  is  in  character  when  a  friendless  stranger  is  in  his  gripe,  but  was. 
it  so  in  1795?  Then  France  and  treaties  were  deserted,  to  pay  ho- 
mage to  England,  and  the  Hon.  W.  .T.  Uuane  thus  treats  the  matter 
in  his  excellent  work  on  the  law  of  nations: 

"Of  the  baseness  and  perfidy  of  those  acts,  there  is  no  languase 
sufficiently  strong  to  convey  a  just  sense;  they  certainly  alibrded  full 
gruuiid  to  the  French  minister  Adet,  for  Jeidarina:  that  '■  xtiuier  the 
cloak  of  neutralily  our  government  presented  a  daggfr  to  cut  the 
throat  of  a  faithful  atly^  (indjxirlicipafed  in  the  tyrannic  ami  cruel 
rage  of  England,  lo  plunge  the  French  people  in  the  horrors  oj  fa- 
mine.'' 

"Nor  (continued  Mr.  Du..ne)  was  tlie  expression  of  censure  con- 
fined to  the  nation  we  had  thus  injured  ;  the  British  Annual  Register 
noticing  the  conduct  of  our  administration,  expressed  these  emphatic 
sentiments  : 

"  Though  little  was  to  have  been  expected  from  natioral  gratitude, 
it  was  supposed  that  na/w?/a/ /lortor  would  have  prevented  the  A-. 
merican  government  from  seizing  the  opportunity,  whilst  France  was- 
atruggling  for  a  political  existence,  to  throw  the  United  Slates  into 
the  anas  of  its  most  potent  enemy." 

Something  noble  and  chivalrous  might  be  looked  for  fic  .i  young- 
nations  as  well  as  young  individuals. 

Aa/l  what  was  that  government  of  Canada  to  whom  Mr.  Foisjrth* 
Mr.  Woodbury,  Mr.  Psinsett  and  Mr.  Van  Buren  left  the  heroet  oC. 


*   ■>■■ 


WHO  BROKE  THE  TREATY? 


r.ii 


'PrcBCott  and  Port  Henry,  whose  babes  and  their  mothers  yet  shed  the 
bitter  tear  for  fathers  and  husbai-ds  tnariyredor  btinished,  and  vbat 
was  its  justice  1 

Its  JUSTICE  was  military  tribunals  Aonlpo^ed  of  the  members 
of  the  orange  clubs  sanctioned  by  Head,  because  convictions  in  the 
civil  tribunaJs  could  not  be  obtained.  Its  government  was  "CON- 
STITUTED ANARCHY." 

Lord  Durham  writes  to  Lord  Olfineig,  from  the  CastltofSt.  Lewis 
9th  August^  1838.— [A  aecret  Despatchi] 
•'  My  sole  purpose  is  to  impress  upon  ybur>Lord!*hip  my  own  con- 
*'  viction,  which  has  been  Tornicd  by  p-rsonal  experience,  that  even 
"  the  best,  inlortnedL  persons  in  England  can  hardly  conceive  the  dis- 
"  order  or  disorganization  which,  lo  a  caretul  enquirer  on  the  spot,  is 
"  manifest  in  all  ihinjjs  pertaining  to  government  in  THESE  COL- 
'•'  ONIES.     Such  words  scarcely  express  the  whole  truth  ;  not  sfov- 
"  ernraenl  merely,  but  SOCIETY  ITSELF  SEEMS  TO  BE  DIS- 
SOLVED; the  vessel  of  the  state  is  not  in  great  danger  only,  but 


"  looks  like  a  cotnplele  wreck." 

The'same  to  i/ie'sd'WiF,  21th  Sept. 


1838. 


"Nor  shall  I  regret  that  1  n<tv.e  wielded  these  despotic  powcrs^na 
"  mariner  which,  as  an  Englishman,  I  am  an.viovs  to  declare  ufler- 
'*'  ly  inconsistent  ioith  the  British  constitution,  until  I  learn  what  are 
"  the  conslilutional  prificipl^s  that  remain  in  force  when  a  whole  con- 
*'  stitution  is  suspended ;  what  principles  of  a  British  constitution 
*'  hold  good  in  a  country  where  the  people's  money  is  taken  without 
''  the  people''^  consent,  where  representative  government  is  aunihila- 
^'' ted,  where  martial  law  has  been  the  law  of  the  lanii.  AND 
"  WHERE  THE  TRIAL  BY  JURY  EXISTS  ONLY  TO 
••  DEFEAT  THK  ENDS  OF  JUS  IICE,  AND  TO  PROVOKE 
"  THE  RIGHTEOUS  SCORN  AND  INDIGNATION  OF  THE 
♦'  COMMUNITY.  I  shv.jld  indeed  regret  the  want  of  applicabiliiy 
'•  in  my  own  principles  of  government,  or  ray  own  incapacity  for  ap- 
'*'  plying  them,  had  tlie  preci>e  course  which  I  should  think  it  imper- 
"  alive  on  me  to  pursue  in  a  land  of  fretdom  and  of  law.  proved  to  he 
*'  the  only  one  that  I  could  adopt  in  a  country  which  LONG  MIS- 
"  GOVERNMENT  and  sad  diss  vsion  have  brouirht  to  a  condition 
♦'  that  may  fairly  be  described  as  one  of  CONSTITUTED  ANAR^ 
''(!:HY.     Ihave,  &:c.,      (Signed)  ^13=  DfRHAU." 

1  have  clearly  shewn  iliat  it  was  the  settled  purpose  of  the  English 
'Government  to  fnr=.^e  the  people  into  open  revolt — that  England's  rul- 
•^rs  set  the  trap  in  Canada^as  ihey  had  hvfcre  done  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  Their  object  was  throe-fuld— ^/iri'lt,  by  extending  the  pow- 
er of  ministers  to  serve  their  political  I'riends,  by  increasing  very  ma- 
terially the  naval  and  military  force  in  the;:e  colonies,  professedly  to 
quell  the  Sturm  themselves  had  raised,  at  a  time  when  want  of  suffi- 
cient patruna'j;e  to  give  away  amt)ng  younger  sons  and  younger  bro- 
thers, nephews  and  dependents  ot'tlie  men  whose  votes  in  parliament 
could  turn  the  scale,  pu.  out  the  whigs  and  put  in  the  lories.  Well 
might  the  Times  exclaim,  "  the  Canada  war  is  a  godsend  i» 
Lord  Melbourne  and  dw  whigs."  > 

The  next  objec.  of  E.iglaud  was  to  have  a  pretext  for  introd'ecinf 
in  the  rear  of  the  United  Stales*  most  flourishing  settlemenvs,  a  large 
body  of  troops,  "to  keep  them  in  fear  of  our  power,"  as  Lord*  Dur- 
ham said  of  ihe  Bjffalo  folks.  The  Englisli  government  proposed  la 
Mr,  Papineau  a  plan  for  dismembering  the  republic,  and  Governor 
Craig,  by  Lord  Casilereagh's  orders,  employed  Mr.  Henry  to  divide  it. 

You  confess  your  sense  of  the  strength  ot  this  argum^at,  by  shew- 
ing that  a  like  game  of  blood  is  played  against  your  nwn  p "aee  bv  i!i  • 


12]     WHO  Bl^GAN  ^THE  FRONTIER  TROUBLES  1 

ume  wicked  powpr.  The  authority  you  have  emphatic  illj'  selected 
•s  your  o»vn.  the  Washington  Globe^  of  February  8ih,  -fays  :■—*' The 
"  recent  excitemeai  on  b^r  (England's)  part  concerning  the  Maine 
"  Bi)ai)dary,  is  a  portion  of  that  sviitem  which  ha-t  fur  it4  end  the 
"  ccnmencmfnt  of  WAR  WlfH  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
"  The  moment  nrtare  provoked  by  h'-r  in-iolenci*  and  b  utality  into 
"acts  of  aggression,  that  uioinput  ourfla:^  in  the  s^eas  of  China  will 
*'  become  the  object  of  her  attark,  and  she  will  s  ek  the  vantage 
*'  groimd  by  placjug  her  injuries  to  our  trade  to  the  account  of  the 
•*  bo  der  war." 

A^ain :— No  government,  whij  or  torjr,  ran  goon  in  England  with- 
out pO'Ses^ing  an  immense  patronage,  ci^  il.  naval  anJ  military.  0'« 
Con'nell  had  beat  the  tones  and  render  d  Ireland  cornp<)ia<iveiy  tran> 
quil,  insomuch  that  the  wiiig^  had  no  p'etext  fur  contmuinq:  30,000  to 
40,000  troops  iheie.  The  old  game  of  i{t  tiiug  up  riot<>,  disorder-:  and 
insurrections,  the  irovermnent  could  play  no  longer,  for  O'Connell 
would  not  p-rmit  it,  and  in  rase  the  whi^s  qnnnelled  with  him  he 
could  put  tliem  out  of  uffire,  by  joiiiiug  the  miiiorjiy  with  hi^  follow* 
ers.  Tnen  it  was  that  they  turn  d  their  att mim  to  raising  di^tiu- 
bances  in  Catiada,  (hat  by  these  means  their  patron  ige  miu:lit  not  iie 
lessened,  but  made  efficient,  to  kill  the  tender  germ  of  freedom  in  Cana. 
da,  and  nvolve  in  trouble  and  expense  '  the  friendly  power"  in  whose 
gloomy  btfstile  I  h.-ive  so  lon^  pined  and  wasted. 

Governor  Head,  in  pai^e  4i0  of  his  Narnitivo,  frankly  almits  that 
the  English  ministry  had  but  two  alteniativec,  either  to  break  down  the 
power  of  the  legiHlatiires  of  th  CttnudHtu  oi  withdraw  from  this  conti* 
aent.  He  siyti  that  if  tho  rctform  Assembly  of  .836-7  had  refused  to 
meet  him.  as  the  Assembly  of  Lower  Canada  had  refused  to  u.eet  Lord 
Gitsf'oni,  that  the  Knglish  Goveri.ment,  tlius  emharnisBed  in  Canada, 
and  by  President  Van  Buren's  demiiid-<  respecmiig  Maine,  would  ha\e 
been  nnabie  to  persuade  an  KngliHh  Hnuae  of  (yoiiiinoiis  to  go  to  the 
expense  of  resiPtmj  America,  seemini.'ly  mvited — '  in  short,"  says  be, 
•♦the  Canadtd  would  have  ^eeri  surrendered  by  us." 

The  purposes  of  the  tory  l>>yali-it«  i  i  Canada  wiT''  also  answered — 
they  cru  liy  p  <iiish>d  thos-wlnxn  Eiii^i  >n  I  had  ''deliberately  drawn 
into  a  trap,"  banished  some  and  mas^atn  d  and  iicarct  rated  others  of 
their  leading  political  opponents,  and  harrassed  the  great  republican 
or  reform  party  to  a  dt-grte  which  excited  the  de»'p  <ympathy  of  thou- 
sands of  generous  American  Citizens,  aud  of  many  huiiiune  persons 
in  Europ<^. 

Sometime  in  1839,  Sir  F.  Head  presented  Lord  Glenelg  with  an 
explanatory  m->rno  atidum  on  Canadi  aiTairs,  which  wn^  laid  on  the 
table  of  the  House  of  Commons  and  printed.  I  have  obtained  an  ol- 
icial  copy. 

Sir  Francis  therein  states,  that  many  loyal  persons  in  various  parts 
fearins  a  rev  dt  b  c  lu-^e  the  soldier-i  w^'re  r>'m()V«'d,  he  assembled  hia 
council,  whose  proceeding*  I  give  in  his  own  word-; : 

•'  Will',  a  view  to  apiiease  tl»e  fears  I  have  fl escribed,  wr-  unanimously  a^eed  that 
a  volunieertnilitiacnrpB  orobrtervafinn  of -^0,000  men  should  iininediaiely  be  enrolled. 
and  a  militia  general  order  to  that  effe''t  vtraa  nor  only  driiwn  up  in  council,  but  ac-iu- 
ally  primed  tJiat  day,  and  brought  to  tlie  G'lvern-uent  oiHce  for  circulation.  How- 
tvcr,  during  this  short  interval,  naving  had  time  to  give  deeper  conaideratiun  to  th* 
aubjent.  I  ajaln  convened  the  council,  and  su'imirted  to  their  serious  conaideration — 

"That  as  the  loyalty  of  the  province  of  UppprCinadii  had  been  tested  and  record- 
ed Bi  the  lr.te  elections,  we  had  notliing  in  reality  to  dread,  but  a  broken  down  un- 
principled agitator,  who,  having  sunk  in  pui)lin  es:i  nation  exictly  in  proportion  .i»  he 
had  been  negle<-ted,  had  loni^  been  making  every  possible  eOiirtto  force  me  to  buoy 
hini  up  by  aloverninent  prosecution. 

"  That,  h'lwever.  it  might  appeiise  the  fearg  of  the  timid,  nnthinp  would  in  fact  b« 
a  greater  benefit  to  this  reptile  than  th".  r  <m  oppi'ent  dread  of  him.  the  Bxecutivt 
(il«K*mincnt  should  cill  out  SiO.UOOuf  tlte  brave  and  loyal  luilitia  of  the  province. 


mmm 


^i^^i^fmim^mtmmififi'F^'rwi^i^m 


WHO  BftOKE  THE  TREaA? 


tl3 


"That  en  enrolling  the  namiiB  of  S0.000  votnnteen.  it  would  immediady  bepromuV 
ftted  bv  tlir  agitator  that  the  Onverninent  was  arraid  of  the  people  of  Upper  Canada.  . 
and  had  therefore  determined  lu  select  and  arm  tlie  Tories  to  p  it  tlieiii  down. 

"  For  the  above  and  many  other  minute  reasons,  tlte  council  came  to  the  determin- 
ation that  the  Attorney  General  should  imuted  lately  be  directed  especially  to  watch 
the  inoveineiits  as  well  as  writings  of  Mr.  Mackenzie  ;  that  he  should  report  to  the 
Executive  Government  for  the  purpoee  of  t^tt  appreitvnsio^  aif  th^  agitator  the  iirat 
act  of  overt  treason,  but  that,  instead  of  the  goveniineMt  allowing  itself  to  be  trifled 
with  or  agitated  by  such  a  man,  it  should  not  strike  till  the  tiny  enemy  was  clearly 
witliin  its  reach,  and  that  therefore  the  order  for  20,000  men  sliuuld  be  rescinded. — 
And  accordingly  it  was  i  esciuded." 

Tlieurnii  *' lepiile,"  '"broken  down  unprinciplml  agitator,"  "ti- 
ny enemy,"  in  this  utficial  docurnt-nt,  are  in  as  bad  i.iite  as  "  old 
Granny  Harris  )t),"  "  petticoat  Irto,"  "vain  old  man"  v<  nerable  don- 
key," '•  old  weatlier-l).-at'  n  pony,"  wlicrt*  app.i.d  in  the  official  Ga- 
zelle of  your  nation  and  Icgislaiuro,  tlieWashinJiou  Globe,  to  an  em- 
inent military  character  in  whom  a  portion  of  the  peoplr'  have  confi- 
dence. But  I  give  the  p-issage?  as  1  find  them.  Sii  Francis  in  th«. 
preface  to  the  third  edition  of  his  *' Narrative,"  is  candid  enough  to 
admit  that  ihf  highest  rewards  «vi're  at  the  service  of  Mr.  Papinenu 
and  tnys  -if,  if  we  had  rhoien  to  aha  idon  the  pe  »ple  or  make  termx 
with  their  eneiuies.  For  my  part,  I  prize  ind  -p  'ndence  so  muck 
that  even  in  thi't  wretched  place  .1  do  not  care  to  filease  any  party  at 
the  expense  of  concealing  the  truth.    1  am  a  rep-.iiilic.in. 

The  inilh,  howev  r,  is  that  Sir  Francis  issued  the  order  becaupe  it 
would  pk-ase  the  complainant-:,  but  had  no  inten;ion  to  carry  ii  intu 
•'flf;'Ct,  1  St  it  should  interfere  with  the  policy  of  Eigl  ind,  which  wax, 
to  produc  a  r  vo.t,  to  catch  the  unarm  d  lib  -rais  ''in  a  trip."  Ht^ 
goes  or,  therefore  to  remark—"  Having  thus  deUbe  aiely  d  teimineJ 
to  w  it  until  Mr.  Mackenzie  <ihnuld  com  nit  himself,"  &c.  &c. 

Sir  Francis  makes  great  boasts  of  (he  loyalty  of  the  mililia  ;  not  so 
Lor  I  Durban.    He  says,  p.  59 — 

'•  It  ha^  not,  indeed,  been  ex.tctly  ascerlained  what  proportion  were 
"  prep.tred  to  j  )irt  .Mackenzie  in  hif  treasonable  entt  rprize,  or  were 
"sodispoied  that  we  may  suppise  ihey  wojid  hav  •  arraytd  them- 
*'  selv  'S  on  his  side,  had  he  obtain  -d  any  mo  aenlary  success,  as  in- 
"  dee  I  was  for  some  days  within  his  grasp." 

That  iiuoce^s  was  within  the  jrrasp  of  those  who  wrre  in  arm.*, 
half  armed  and  nii«erably  accoutred  as  th"V  were,  and  wiihoi.it  a  bay- 
onet among  them  all,  is  indi^puiable.  Tiiat  they  did  not  seize  iht 
favorable  hour  wa«  not  for  want  of  b.ins;  early  reminded  of  the  con- 
sequences of  neilcct.  I  ascertained  by  the  ejtperi  uent  tli&t  all  good 
patriots  do  not  in  a  moment  bceone  daring  soldieiS.  The  slaves  oj 
England  dread  their  task  master's  whip.  Ten  or  twelve  thousnnd  men, 
m.)8t  of  the  n  sturdy  Welsh  miners,  mechanics  and  laborerh,  generally 
well  armed,  marched  into  Newport,  Wales,  one  day  ksi  November,  at 
noon,  under  Mr.  Frost,  formerly  niiyor  of  that  borough.  To  meet 
them,  there  were  th  rty  Irishmen,  who  had  been  laborers  or  mecnunici* 
like  themselves,  with  but  this  ditforence,  that  they  had  bince  been 
taught  the  military  exercise,  and  dressed  in  red  couts.  Like  that  at 
Toronto,  here  was  '  an  inRurrection,  rcndcmd  necessary  by  oppression 
and  warranted  by  a  reasonable  probability*  f  a  happy  terminution," 
which,  according  to  Sir  James  Macintosh,  •'  is  an  act  of  public  virtue, 
always  environed  with  so  innch  peril  as  to  merit  adminlion  "  yet  Sir 
Frederick  Polluck.  in  his  able  defence  of  their  brave,  patr-otic,  and  ho- 
nest ihougli  unfortunate  leader,  Proaf,  sixys,  '.hat  ••the  mom-jnt  the  mi- 
litary (5i())  pointed  their  pieces  to  (ire,  tin;  verV  instant  that  one  pernon 
was  seen  to  full,  the  mu  titnde  (li,0(>D)  threw  down  their  weapons  and 
'  fled  in  every  directiim,  making  no  re.si8tatice.  and  in  a  ff^w  tn'nutes  not 
a  chartist  was  t»  bo  seen  m  Newport."    Hud  they  obtained  even  ■ 


\ 


14]    ,  WHO  ItOAN  THE  FRONTIER  TROUBLES? 

momentary  success^  the  ball  might  have  rolled  and  England  been  at  thii 
•day  once  more  .-^  republic. 

There  are  probably  150,000  natives  of  the  United  States  in  Canada, 
and  the  people  of  the  two  sides  of  its  extended  frontiers  are  in  terras 
of  friendship,  through  inter-marriages,  traffic,  reliaious  connexions, 
&c.  Who  then  can  feel  surprise  at  the  conduct  of  the  people  ol  Buf- 
falo, Watertown,  Detroit,  Rochester,  and  other  places  where  Canadi- 
an sufferings  were  known  ? 

Although  the  revolutionists  at  Toronto  had  been  defeated,  a  party 
of  them  remained  in  arras— another  party  were  up  in  arm^  near  the 
Sliort  Hills,  Niagara  District— and  a  third  body  of  700  to  800  men, 
under  Dunconibe,  in  the  west.  Large  bodies  of  the  population  of 
Lower  Canada,  were  still  fighting  and  unsubdued.  "  The  contest,'* 
then,  according  to  your  minister  in  London's  letter  to  Lord  Palmer- 
ston,  requesting  redress  for  the  loss  of  the  Caroline,  was  "one,  de 
facto,  of  war,"  civil  war,  and  your  judges,  Messrs.  Betts  and  Thomp- 
son had  promulgated  Irora  the  seat  of  justice  at  New  York,  that  in 
such  wars  Americans  might  lawlully  engage,  or  send  aid  in  arms 
ainrnuniiii)n,  and  piovisiuns. 

WliJit  did  th  -y  do  ?  ,    .  .  ,    _ 

T  pa-s  over  tl^ir  nu'riing^  in  other  plaiii.vs,  and  come  to  those  in 
whicii  I  am  more  iinmi'diutrly  concerned,  held  at  Bnfl'itlo» 

1  am  most  sincerely  of  o[)inioii  ihiU  neither  in  Upper  nor  Lower 
Cinaca  did  any  individual  :unnecti'(l  with  ilie  rev(diuionary  move- 
ments, ask  aid  or  a-;sisiiinre  fmiu  liiese  Slates  until  it  \vn^  iiroffered 
to  them.  Englanil  inteniionally  prodiiceil  a  state  oi'civil  war  in  both 
Canadiis.  Tiie  citiz  -ns  of  Buliiilo  nobly  resolved  t(j  aid  the  weak 
aLrainst  the  strong — ihe  jilundeied  settler  aifaiust  his  European  ty- 
rant. 

An  overIiowi;i!XnT<etinfr  of"  the  peoj^le  of  Cnd'alo  was  held  on  l!ie 
5lh  of  December,  hclore  they  knew  of  any  Uppur  Canada  movement ; 
it  was  resolved  to  send  for  me  to  that  city,  that  I  might  shew  their 
respectable  commiitie  how  thev  could  eli'ectually  aid  the  Canadian 
emincipation,  and  [  was  invited  accordingly.  A  second  meeting  of 
1,500  citiz  ns  look  place  on  the  6th  or  7lh,  in  expectation  of  my  arri- 
val, whereat  Lewis  F.  Alien  presided,  and  stated  tliat  General  Por- 
ter, former  secretary  at  war,  had  sent  a  messaje,  that  "ill  health 
alone  prevented  his  attendance."  The  Bufialo  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser mentions  that  the  speakers  there  were  Col.  Chapin.  Scth  Haw- 
ley,  Col.  A.  Palmer,  David  M.  Day,  Mr.  Stow,  and  Mr.  Sutherland— 
and  the  Rochester  Democrat  of  the  Sth  intimates  that  volunteers  be- 
gan to  be  raised. 

On  the  Uth,  a  third  meeting  was  held  in  the  theatre,  just  as  I  ar- 
rived in  the  city  (for  the  first  time  in  many  years.)  My  arrival  bo- 
came  known  ;  1  was  at  Colonel  Cliapin's,  and  decliutd  to  address  llio 
assemblage  or  to  be  present.  Bui  thf'y  resolved  that  I  must  do  so 
next  night,  and  after  I  had  inetlectually  endeavoured  to  induce  Di\ 
Rolph  to  explain  the  situation  of  Canada,  in  rny  stead,  I  promised  to 
attend  with  Dr.  Chapin,  on  tne  ]2th,  and  did  so.  Yoti  will  thns  see 
•.hat  excitement  wasaftls  height  previous  to  my  arrival  in  Euff-ito. 

The  theatre  was  filled  by  about  2,000  persons,  Mr.  Tilliughnst  of 
the  United  States  Bar,  was  appointed  chairman;  he  made  a  speedh 
and  introduced  me  to  the  meeting,  which  I  addressed.  Mr.  Seth 
Hawley,  now  a  member  of  the  State  Legislati^re,  spoke  next ;  then 
Mr.  Sutherland  and  others,  and  a  Canada  Committee  was  appointed, 
consisting  of  E.  Johnson,  late  mayor.  E.  Rudeo,  J.  Stringham,  J.  Q. 
Masien,  John  A.Wilkinson.GeorgeP.  Barker  (late  administration  can- 
didate tor  mayor,)  H.  K.  Smith,  Seth  C.  Hawley,  F,  G.  Macy,  H 


mm^ 


1 


i . 


mimm 


i[  "^^ 


en  at  thii 

Canada, 

in  terms 

anexions, 

ie  ot  Buf- . 

;  Cauadi- 

d,  a  parly 

near  ihe 

800  men, 

jlation  of 

contest,'^ 

I  Palmer- 

"one,  de 

I  Thomp- 

ik,  that  in 

I  in  arms 


0  those  in 

lor  Lower 
ary  tnove- 
5  nroffered 
';ir  in  both 
the  weak 
ropean  ty- 

el'l  on  llie 
Toveuieni; 
>he\v  their 

Ciinadian 
neelin?  of 
jf  my  arri- 
MU'ral  Por- 
"  ill  health 
;ial  Adver- 
=lcth  Haw- 
therland — 
anteers  be- 
ast as  I  ar- 

arrival  hf>- 
adilress  the 
must  do  so 
induce  Di'« 
iromiscd  to 
ill  thus  see 
)  Euffilo. 
llinghast  of 
]e  a  speeisll 
Mr.  Setli 
next ;  then 
5  appointed, 
s(ham,  J.  Q« 
iration  can- 
.  Macy,  H 


WHO  BROKE  THE  NEUTRALITY? 


[15. 


Seymour  Jan.,  J.  M.  Bradford,  L.  A.  Phelps,,  and  Abnzo  Rayner,  all  „ 
of  whom  cheerfully  consented  to  act,  and  did  so. 

Mr.  Sutherland's  acts,  in  that  theatre,  or  after  the  people  w«nt  a-  '; 
way,  I  had  nothmg  to  do  with,  neither  did  I  advise  them.    The  peo-  ; 
pie  that  met  at  the  door  I  did  not  see,  nor  their  band,  till  they  caaie 
neai  Dr.  Chapin's,  (where  1  slept,)  cheered  and  dispersed.  '. 

A  military  expedition  implies  persons  bound  by  some  agreement  to  J 
act  together  for  some  military  purpose.     In  that  sense  there  was  no 
expedition  at  Buffalo.     Mr.  Sutherland  and  others  went  to  Black 
Rock,  on  their  way  to  go  into  Canada  as  volunteers,  vvhiiher  they 
had  been  bound  before  1  had  crossed  the  frontier,  and  numbers  had 
previously  passed  over  into  that  country.    I  did  not  accompany  them 
— I  did  not  direct  them — all  I  did  was,  on  the  I3th,  in  the  course  of 
the  day,  when  I  saw  the  shnriff  about  to  take  away  the  arms  oi  men  . 
strangers  to  me,  who  said  they  were  going  into  Canada  was  to  ask  ** 
if  he  would  wait  till  I  could  tell  the  Committee  at  BulTalo,  their  situ-  t 
ation.  I 

I  addressed  a  handbill  from  a  place  in  Canada,  to  the  people  of  Ca-  ' 
nada,  and  not  to  the  citizens  of  these  States,  aeilher  did  I  disperse  ' 
any  bills  in  these  States. 

And  on  this  evidence,  I  have  been  entrapped  for  nearly  a  year  into 
this  wretched  place,  shut  out  from  society,  and  injured  in  health  and 
strength,  while  your  own  citizens,  who  did  all  that  was  done,  and 
that  openly  too,  are  saved  harmless. 

Read  this  extract — 

Prom   Congress  Papers,  Document  No.  74  of  25th  Congress.  ? 

Marshal  Gaurow  to  N.  S.   Bexios,  Distrk:t  Attorney. 

RocEHSTKR  'Dec.  21,  1837. 
Dear  Sir:    I  arrived  here  last  night  at  ten  o'clock;  sent  for  General  Gould  and 
some  others  ofthis  place.     There  is  much  exciien*iit  liete;  forty  soldiers  marching 
the  streets  of  lloelieater  toda.'v  under  drum  and  fife;  two  pieces  of  cannon  went  ort" 
tliis  morning  and  THREE  FOURTHS  OF  THE  PEOFLE  HERE  I  LEAKN 
ARE  EMCOURAOljSrG  AND  PROMOTING  THE  THING,  AND  SEVEN- 
EIGHTH.S  OF  THE    PEOPLE  AT    BUFFALO   AND  ALL  ALONG  THE 
LINES  ARE  TAKING  STRONG  INTEREST  IN  THE  CAUSE  OF  THE 
PATRIOTS;  MANY  FURNISHING  ARMS,  AND  LARGE  QUANTITIES 
OF  PROVLsIOxVS  CONTRIBUTED  AND  FORWAHDED  TO  THEM,  AND 
VOLUNTEERS  CONTINUALLY  GOING  ON.     I  do  believe  tliat  it  is  indfs 
pensible  that  you  come  on  immediately  to  Builalo.    Very  little  can  he  done  wiih . 
procesess.     I  am  your.i.  •  N.  GARROW.      i 

And  this — 

[Extracts  from  Presidmit  Van  Huron's  Message  to  Congress,  Dec,  2,  1&39.1 

The  people  id  the  United    Slates  feel,  ois  it   i.s  hoped  the.v   alwsiys  v/ill,    a  warm. 

solicitude  for  the  success  of  all  wIm  are  sincerely  eudtavouving  to  improve  the  politi- 

<;al  condition  of  Munkiud.     This  generous  feeling  they   cheribh  towards  the  most 

distant  nations  ;  an  J  it  was   naturiil,   therefore,    that    it   should  be  awakened   with 

more  than   couiuion  warinlh  in  behalf  of  liieir  immediate  neii;hbors.  - -  -Ou 

a  review  of  the  occurrcn  on  bot.i  sides  of  the  line,  icis  satisfactory  to  reflect,  that 
in  almost  every  complaint  against  our  country,  the  otl'ence  may  be  traced  to  emigrants 
from  the  Provinces  who  have  sought  refuge  iiere.  IN  THE  FEW  INSTANCES 
in  which  they  were  aided  by  Citizens  of  the  United  .Slates,  the  aMs  of  these  misguid- 
ed men  were  not  only  in  direct  contravention  of  the  laws  and  well  known  wishes  of 
their  own  go^ermnei.^,  but  met  with  the  decided  disapprobation  of  the  people  of  tha 
V.  States.  I  regret  to  state  the  appearance  of  a  diflerent  spirit  among  her  iMajesty'g 
subjects  in  the  Canadas.  The  seniiinenis  of  hostility  to  our  people  and  institutions, 
which  have  been  so  frequently  expressed  there,  and  the  disregard  of  our  rights 
■tfhich  huvu  been  mnuifested  on  some  occasions,  have,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  been  applau- 
ded and  encouraged  by  the  people,  and  even  by  some  of  the  subordinate  local  au- 
tborites,  of  the  Provinces. 

The  following  is  a  literal  copy  of  one  of  many  papers  sent  from 
places  in  the  United  States,  to  Navy  Island  in  Upj)er  Canada,  ornit- 
ting  natnes : 

"  To  the  Officer  on  Navy  Island,  U.  C,  to  whom  this  paper  may  be. 
presented.  '"  " 


/'^^A- 


-  ■* 


f 


f         K' 


16]      WHO  BEGAN  THE  PftONTIER  TROUBLES? 

'*  Sympaihisini;  with  our  rriends  in  ann?,  in  what  we  believe  to  Ve 
"  a  just  Cctuse,  with  the  advice  and  at  the  suggistinn  of  some  cf  our 
"  friends,  we  have  assisted  Capt.  ■  to  convey  the  fiehl  pit  ce  ia 
"  po!iie!>sioii  of  the  Artiitry  Company  in  this  town  to  your  encamp* 
*'  ment.  If  it  sh  uid  prove  acce/oiable,  receive  it  with  our  best  wish" 
"  ei  for  your  pro«poiity.  We  rccuiiuaend  Capt.  '  ■  to  vou  as  ft 
*^  gentle  nan  and  a  patriot,  and  we  vouch  that  no  mean  motive  hat 
"  iiidoced  him  to'ih*'  pes  nt  step.  Consider  the  piece  as  a  I  mn  and 
"  return  it  when  no  h)iiar  r  useful  to  vou." — Dated  at  " ^Decem- 
ber 30,  l«37,'*  and  sijjntd  by  the  OffecHn  of  Ariille.y  and  Infantry. 

Tne  pkii  of  taki'*^  possession  of  Navy  Island  liy  the  insurgent* 
from  the  iV  hitam  Dirtirict  and  tho  volu.iteers  who  joined  them  trom 
Buifulo  RocUoster,  &c.,  waa  attended  with  one  most  important  result. 
No  800  icr  was  Sir  Francia  Head  ro-estabhshed  in  the  vicn.regal 
dwallinir  from  which  one  revolt  had  driven  him,  and  his  family  re-land- 
•d  in  Toronto  from  the  SteamNoat  in  which  they  had  sought  shelter  on 
Lake  Ontario,  than  it  was  resolved  between  him  and  Chief  Justice 
Robinson  to  ^et  up  a  t^pccial  commission  forthwith  and  try,  hang,  ban* 
ish,  transport,  send  to  the  peniientisry  and  confiscate  wholesale.  The 
papers  were  all  made  out  appointing  the  ministers  of  this  *'  bed  of  jiis« 
tice,**  and  dreadful  would  have  been  the  slaughter,  undir  cMnr  of  lawt 
but  the  news  that  the  republicans  were  on  Navy  Island  and  that  the 
blood  of  76  vet  circulated  in  the  veins  of  the  children  of  their  great  re* 
Tolutiot),  struck  inconceiviible  terror  into  Head's  councils  at  Toronto, 
euved  many  lives,  and  prevented  much  plunder  and  cnielty.  Bven  in 
London  it  ciinied  a  gr^'at  con!<ternation  on  the  Stock  Exchange,  and 
the  British  funds,  or  value  of  the  national  debt,  fell  from  two  to  three 
per  cent,  in  the  space  of  two  dayj. 

In  this  city,  the  second  Canadian  public  meeting  was  addressed  by 
Samuel  G.  Andrews,  since  Mayor  of  Rochester,  now  Clerk  of  the 
Senate  of  this  State,  J.  W.  Gilbert,  re<;enily  appoint'  d  to  office  by 
Governor  Seward^  Geo  ae  Dawson,  now  Piinter  to  the  State  of  Mi* 
ehii^an,  Georgfe  W.  Pratt,  C.  G.  Lee,  William  Blos^s,  and  others.~> 
Thf  Democrat  says  it  **  wa«  the  larsjest  and  mo  t  enthusiastic  meet- 
"  ing  wnich  had  ever  asse    bled  in  Rochester  upon  any  occasion." 

And  wlio  can  wonder  that  your  citizens  desired  to  h  ]p  us!  Arc 
they  not  t^js^ht  from  infanc/  to  consider  the  Eoi^lish  governrru-nt  as  a 
cru  1  and  tyrannical  sway  ?  Look  at  the  Globn  of  the  29th  of  Feb* 
ru  iry  »n  I  2nd  of  March  last,  and  vou  wi!l  see  liOgland  officially  re- 
presented by  th»^  Pr  sident  of  the  United  States,  as  cruel,  perfidious, 
unrelenting,  oppressive,  insulting  and  unjust-^your  countrvmen  are 
reminded  that  the  western  wilds  bad  been  whit  ning  with  the  bones 
of  American  women  and  chilJren,  while  their  blood  was  trickling 
down  the  walh  of  their  fonner  homes,  and  that  the  Indian  war-whoop 
and  th  ■  British  drum  had  in  unison  saluted  the  ears,  while  the  Indian 
tomahawk  and  the  B.itish  dagger  were  suspended  over  your  citizens* 
heads. 

What  have  I  said  or  done  that  will  produce  the  one  hundredth  part 
t»f  the  excit'^ra  mt.  of  such  langu.ige  from  «uch  r  --'^'wc".  at  such  a 
lime  ?  And  if  I  hai^e  not,  why  do  you  sacrifice  my  health  and  liber- 
ty to  the  dijflomacy  of  your  government,  without  even  a  request  for 
information  ? 

We  a|l  know  very  well,  that  while  I  have  beun  selected  by  the  Presir 
dent  for  conviction  from  among  those  against  whom  indictments  had 
long  lain  over,  for  ennvict'on,Ui  please  England,  simply  because  I  spoke 
in  tne  Buif  ilo  th<>atre,  and  at  Black  Rock  exprensed  sorrow  when  I  saw 
the  ShefifTtake  the  muskets  claimed  by  volunteers  waiting  to  crois  to 
Canada,  yet  ne  one  recollects  that  for  ;jj  je&rs,  ever  since  th«  close  ot 


ist  war,  F 

ns,  and  a 

sed  aguir 

le  Ainerii 

lovej-nme 

horn  thfi 

It  is  oi  I 

ontier  trc 

[e  knows 

imrner  o 

"SirJ.,hr 

who  was  I 

of  New  Y 

hscommj 

referfd  la 

iinugalerx 

is  n  perfect 

Uiifortui 

fugefs  ar 

eatinn — a 

>u  from  £ 

i-»e  ! 

Do  not  v 
abhor  Ei 
uelties  ? 
nt  and  ir 
the  mo<i 

m,  fill<  d  V 
oudest  sc 
s  iiitelli<; 
g  to  theii 
an;ida,  fui 
»u  his  woi 

T,  who  Ci 

"But  on 
overhan? 


lent;  jtl 

spoken  of 

Section  a{ 

Fhe  Canal 

ly  it.    I  r 

Jlions  of  I 

[he  samel 

jhe  Canr 

r  At  the  I 

lilitary 

|irm<  d  h( 

9ff  by  »' 


mmmm 


re  to  Ve 

;  cf  our 
pitce  ta 
ncanin* 
St  wish- 
irou  as  a 
live  has 

»\n  and 
Decern- 
fan  try. 
8urgenta 
»«m  trom 
nt  result. 
ic«vregal 
'  re-land- 
belter  on 
;f  Justice 
ang,  ban- 
lie.  The 
ud  of  ius- 
V>r  of  law, 
1  that  the 
r  great  rc- 
;  Toronto, 

Kven  in 
lange,  and 
ht  to  thre« 

Iressed  by 
trie  of  the 

0  office  by 
;ate  of  Mi- 

1  others.— 
^^tic  meet- 
casion." 

I  U4 !  Arc 
■nrritnt  as  a 
Jih  of  Feb- 
jffioially  re- 

perfidious, 
itrvmea  are 
b  the  bones 
its  trickling 

war-whoop 
e  the  Indian 
our  citizens* 

idredth  part 
',  at  such  a 
th  and  liber- 
i  request  fof 

by  the  Presii 
ictments  had 
;aii8e  I  spuke 
V  when  I  saw 
ig  to  cross  to 
e  the  clo^e  bT 


WHO  BROliE  THE  KEUHXAUTT 7 


tif 


ist  war,  Rngland  kecpn  in  p-^y,  great  bodies  ofthe  U"ited  States  Indi» 
HP,  and  atintialjy  Tiiriii8hP8ih«-ia  wjiUthe  weapons  of  dt^strut^tioii  to  be 
ikii  against  ttm  citizeii»ot  the  United  Hiatcs.  "  I  tnust  say.  I  think 
je  Ainoricans  h  ve  --eason  for  the  je;ilousy  they  express  at  the  British 
love/Hment  interfe  iiigj.  I»y  pngrliveiv  arming  their  own  Ixidians,  with 
horn  tboy  nrentwar,  with  Kngltsh  gunn  powdt.,  and  ball." 
Ii  i?  ol  no  use  for  thf  Preside^ii  lo  d<^clare  in  his  messaae*!  that  the 
ontier  troufjlnsare  the  work  of  a  fe^v  miserable  oxild  republican!). — 
[e  knows  il  i^  not  so.  Lord  Duiham  wrote  Lor>l  GleiitU  in  the 
inxner  of  t838»an(l  I  have  an  uilicial  copy  of  his  )i  ttvr,  as  follows : 
"  Sir  John  Cultiurne  informn  mc  thni  Governor  Mnrcy  stated  to  a  gentleman, 
who  was  his  inibrmant,  that  the  feehnu  along  the  whule  fronrier  oV  the  State 
of  New  York  was  an  strong,  that  ii  was  b.  vohd  his  control,  by  any  meana  at 
h  8  comniand.  But  then,  it  inu«t  be  reinembe''edj  that  the  whole  population 
referfd  to  are  of  the  woisr  clii!>s  and  description — aqtiaiters.  refugees,  and 
sinugiflerH;  and  that  the  Executive  power  of  the  Uniu^d  States'  Government 
is  n  perfect  nullity." 

Unfortunate  frontier  people  !  Durham  sneeis  at  you  as  squatters, 
fugees  and  smugglers — Aaron  Vail  di  elares  you  are  the  scum  of 
eati(>n — and  Joel  Poinsett  prays  tor  a  Russian  squadron  to  prevent 
)u  from  suecuring  auffring  buiuaaity.  When  shaU  it  be  other* 
i<e  ! 

Do  not  your  fourth  of  July  orations  annually  prepare  your  citizens 
abhor  England,  and  inflame  their  iiiinJi  against  her  hi  entire  of  her 
ueities  ?  It  is  but  a  &'w  months  since  you  plaecil  that  able,  intelli*' 
>nt  and  ind' fatigahle  repre>eiiiative,  the  Hon.  C.  Cuihing,  second 
the  most  impoitant  of  all  your  committees  in  times  like  ibes-,  the 
nrei^n  Affairs.  On  the  4lh  of  July  last,  you  would  have  found 
m,  fill'  d  with  the  spirit  ol  '76,  at  Sprinzfiield,  Mass.,  near  to  the 
oudest  scenes  of  hi-i  country's  dory,  the  orator  of  the  day,  rousing 
s  iiitelli>;ent  audilo  y  to  d'-edj.  of  patriotic  Teag-atice,  and  appeal- 
g  to  their  reason,  thi  ii'  i:iteresl,  the  r  passions,  a  id  their  lears,  for 
anada,  for  America,  against  the  government  of  England.  I  give 
>u  his  word'^,  but  the  soul-stirring  eloquence  o\  his  voice  and  man- 
r,  who  can  pourtray  it !    He  said : 

"But  on  ihe  nor  h"rn  and  east,  rn  frontiers  of  the  Unit  d  States, 
overhansinz  us  from  ^ea  to  sea  like  a  lowering  storm-cloud,  are  the 
^Briii-h  Provinces,  sti'l  dependent  on  Euiope.  That,  is  the  point 
f  peril.  Theie,  is  monarchy  in  its  wor>t  form,  that  of  the  forcible 
crupaiion,  by  a  foreign  prince,  of  a  country  whos-  natural  po  ition 
nnd  •iocial  constitution,  and  contiguity  to  u«,  impel  il  toward    inde- 

lend  'nee  and  freedun  and  self  government. Colony 

nd  LibTty  are  ideas  incompatible. 

"  The  C  inadas  have  lar  greater  ratnes  of  cornpla^it  than  -we  had 

when  we  belonced  to  Great  Britain. They  have 

een  grossly,  wickedly  misgoverned.  There  is  na  doubt  of  this.— 
I  is  proclatiiied  by  themselves  ;  it  is  declared  in  the  British  Parlia- 
ment; it  is  admitted  by  each  successive  Colonial  Secretary;  it  is 
spoken  out  in  lansruage  not  to  he  mistaken,  the  language  of  insur- 
rection and  civil  war.  It  is  monstrous  for  Amit^ricans  to  deny  that 
:he  Canadas  have  been  misgoverned^  iris  idle  for  any  body  to  de- 
ny it.  I  engage  to  exhibit  a  parallel  of  every  one  of  the  specifica- 
tions of  tyranny  set  forth  in  our  Derlaratiou  of  Independence,  by 
he  same  or  greater  acta  of  tyranny  perpetrated  by  Great  Britain  in 
he  Canadas. 

"At  the  present  time,  th^v  are  consigned  to  the  tender  mercies  of 
nilitary  despo'ism,  mariiil  law,  and  occupation  of  the  country  by 
irm<d  hosts  ot  imported  mercenaii'.-s;  their  trust  d  public  men  rut 
)ff  by  *'  e  judicial  laurder  of  courts  martial,  or  driven  into  exile;. 


'  ■       "Vi  I 


1 1 


.  s 

J 


I 


^m\     will)  nEiA\  •rn'L'FuoXi-Eii  vroujlT!:^'? 

"  their  villa^rpg  pven  up  ro  sack  and  conflagration  ;  their  yoiinDf'mcn, 
"  «ome  ftabrtd  in  thtffioltJ  without  quarter,  others  murdered  in  cit 
"  blood,  and  without  trial,  after  battle  is  over;  their  women  violated 
"  the  bodies  ot  their  slain  patriots  left  to  rot  on  the  ground  unhurieil 
"  or  turned  over  to  beasts  to  devour !  God  of  juslicf*.  where  sleep 
"  thy  thunder?    Is  there  no  vengeance  for  tho^e  who  do  those  dctd 


"  of  i?  -ominy  and  horror  ?  Is  it  to  be  endured,  does  it  not  make  lii 
•^  blood  boil,  that  European", — hirelinij  soldiers  of  tbrtunf,  nlit-os  h 
■  *•  the  land  and  its  people,  the  base  and  sordid  tools  of  transatlant; 
'■'  lust  of  power,  should  pollute  the  rich  soil  of  Avnerict  with  such  e 
"  ormitif's  ?  We  shudder  at  the  recital  of  these  very  acts  of  horroi 
•''  when  perpetratf'd  by  Turks  in  Greece,  or  by  Russians  in  Poland.- 
"  Skill  tliey happen  at  our  dnor-stone.aiid  awaken  no  condemnation 
"  They  shall  not,  they  will  nut,  until  th"  Declaration  ot*  Indepe 
'•  dene  '  be  expunged  from  our  memories,  and  every  sentiment  of  pa 
"  triotism  and  freedom,  which  hallowed  the  Revolution,  be  extiu 
"  guished  in  our  hearts." 

The  4th  of  July  orator  whose  soul  stirring  words,  conveying  truth 
of  awful  import.  I  thus  place  b"fore  you,  i-;  a  member  of  congress 
whig  partizan,  hish  in  political  station,  and  the  influence  of  sue 
opinions  as  the  above,  will  b*  a  hundredfold  more  powerful  to  kec 
alive  a  feeling  of  horror  and  deteslalion  against  England  than  all 
could^have  done. in  Buffalo,  had  I  continued  talking  theri'  till  now.- 
The  l/iescott  heroes  will  not  be  "'withoui  a  shadow  of  justification, 
while  Mr.  Cusliinsr  is  a!)le  to  exclaim — "  God  of  Justice!  where  sleep 
tiiy  thunder  ?"  The  citiZ'nis  of  llochf'ster  and  Butlalo  ifiay  look  fi 
their  justiticatioa  in  the  picture  he  has  drawn.  And  I  might  now  a 
him,  for  what,  if  not  the  most  inexcusable  of  party  purposes,  does 
and  his  friends  in  Congress  allow  me  to  be  sacriflced  at  the  shrine 
a  pitiful  diploniacy  by  Martin  Van  Buren,  and  the  country  to  be  di 
graced  in  my  partial  punishment! 

England  forced  on  revolt — he  has  shewn  us  its  fruits. 

In  the  Mohawk  Courier,  Mr.  N.  S.  Benton,  the  District  Atto'ne 
for  (he  U.  S.  published  his  speeches  to  the  Jury  in  my  case,  aulheatica 
ed  by  his  signature;  and  it  was  said,  that  the  question  was  not  "win 
"  ther  Mackenzie's  course  in  Canada  was  proper,or  whether  the  Can 
"  dians  should  be  freed  from  British  rule — but  whether  the  constii 
*'  lion  and  the  laws  of  the  land  and  our  treaties  with  foreign  nation 
"are  to  be  maintained."  The  challenge  was  also  given — "\\ 
"  would  ask  the  Editor  of  th"  Gazette,  whether  he  knows  the  Di 
"  trici  Atiorney  has  been  furnished  with  thename  of  an  offender,  ai 


opea 
Mr. 

terM 

had  I 

therl 

mor 

was  I 

the 

can! 


"^'^ 


'ir  yoiina'm'*n, 
rdered  ia  cilti 
(iiipn  violated , 
)un(]  unburied 
K  where  sleep- 

lo  lllOaC  dCL'tl 


m 


it  not  make  lii 
itunf,  alit'Ds  i 
of  tiansatlant: 
,i  willi  such  e 
;•  acis  of  hoiroi 
ns  in  Pol  a  in 
condemnation 
lOU  of  Iiidepec 
entiment  of  pa 
uiioii,  be  exiiu 


dtiveying  truth 
r  of  cojigres 
(iuetice  of  sue 
jowerful  to  kec 
orlaml  than  all 
iheri^  till  now.- 
of  jastificatiui) 
;e!  where  slee| 
alo  may  look  1" 
I  initiht  now  a 
urposcs,  does  1 
;  at  the  shrine  I 
ountry  to  be  di 

lits. 

)istrict  Attorne 
«ase,  aulhentica 
I  was  not  "will 
rhether  the  Can 
iher  the  constii 
1  foreign  nation 
Ifio  given — "^^1 
e  knows  the  Di 
f  an  offender,  ai 


•'"fhe  witnesses  to  prove  the  charge,  and  has  negJ'.'cted  a  prosecu- 
'Mion?" 

This  is  the  point  where  the  deepest  hypocrisy  has  bpen,-fl«i  i-'thiftk 
.practised,  t'irsly  Mr.  Secretary  Forsyth  writes  Mr.  Benton  froii* 
Wasliinjiton,  21st  December,  "1837,  *'to  institute  leaal  praceedinsr*  ' 
aiyninst.  all  such  persons  as  shall  appear  to  have  violated  the  Inw.s  of 
the  United  States." — Next,  Mr.  Benton  insiitiites  procoedincs  againrt 
many — drops  them  a<rainst  more — follows  them  up  to  the  aftainmeot 
of  indictments  frotn  Grand  Juriis, against  some  20  to  40,  by  producinsf 
evidence— and  (hen  selects  some  two  or  three  of  those  indictments 
for  trial  before  juries  got  op  in  defiance  of  the  sftjiute  and  of  reason — 
because  the  government  particularly- <:le<ire  to  hiive  two  or  three  par- 
ticular individuals  punisliwd.  socinj^  the  British  Government,  tlirnujrh 
the  Governor  and  Judge  Jones  of  Brockville  have  hinted  that  it  would 
please  them.  That  it  is  as  I  state,  you  will  readily  ascertain  if  the 
proper  returns  are  moved  for. 

Lord  John  llussell,  in  the  Hou«e  of  Commons,  on  the  day  ihe  pre- 
sent session  of  th'  English  Parliament  be^jr.ui.  re[)Iied  to  the  leader  of 
the  opposition,  Sir  Robert  Peel,  concerning  frontier  ontrnges,  *'ihat 
JX^"  "  the  measures  which  have  beentiiken  by  the  government  of  the 
fC^"^  "  United  States  have  been  of  a  more  elficient  and  energetic  char- 
ft^-'  "  acter  than  they  formerly  were — (hear,  henr) — ihe  military  pro- 
si^*  "  visions  have  been  superint^'nded  bv  OFFIGFiRS  who  havr- 
^13="' uniformly  exhibited  the  utmost  GOOD  FAITH.  LOYAL- 
ncr^TY.  AND  FRIENDSHIP,  TOWARDS  HER  MAJES- 
.n3'"TY'S  COLONIES  AND  HER  MAJESTY'S  SUB- 
?nf^  "  JECTS;  and  in  thecourtfi  of  law,  where  the  greatest  prejudice 
SC^  "  was  supposed  to  exist,  some  convictions  have  taken  place  of 
rcr"  THE  MOST  NOTORIOUS  OF  THOSE  BRIGANDS 
Ee3-  *'  AND  ROBBERS  who  infested  our  territory." 

Aff  Case  and  I  are  the  only  Canadians  ''entrapped,"  of  course 
Lord  John  thus  honors  Mr.  Van  Buren  for  our  cnpiure,  and  the  Pre- 
sident, between  whom  and  Mr.  N.  S.  Benton  there  appears  to  be  a 
very  good  understanding  that  only  such  are  to  be  brought  out  for  con- 
viction as  will  be  most  agreeable  to  John  Bull,  gains  an  impartial  char- 
acter by  conduct  which,  from  my  soul,  I  would  heartily  despise  and 
condemn  in  my  nearest  relative  or  best  friend. 

What  perffotion  the  administration  of  Juifice  (!)  has  attained  to, 
under  Mr.  Van  Buren!  He  would  not  lor  the  world  interfere  with' 
the  decision  of  a  court  in  a  ease  like  mine — not  even  for  the  purposes 
of  humanity  to  save  my  health  from  sinking  for  lack  of  fresh  air  and 
means  of  exercise — but  his  bosom  friend  N.  S.  Benton  may  obtain  in- 
dictments and  then  throw  them  on  the  shelf  till  England  wants  more 
victims  or  the  United  States  diplomatists  mdre  argument !  W.  L. 
Mackei>7.te  cannot  be  relieved,  but  on  the  mcffith  on  which  Mackenzie 
was  indicted,  the  late  postmaster  of  Buffalo,  was  turned  out  of  an  office 
worth  4,800  dollars  a  year  to  make  way  for  one  of  the  men  who  was 
openly  and  notoriously  among  the  foremost  to  invite  Mackenzie  .into 
Mr.  Van  Buren's  patriot  trap  at  Buffalo ! 

Had  the  President  been  guided  by  principle  in  his  refusal  to  in. 
terfere  with  the  sentence  of  a  federal  court  in  cases  of  breach  of  neutral- 
ity, would  he  not  have  abstained  from  doing  so  ?  Coi.  John  Vreeland 
had  a  command  on  Navy  Island, went  up  to  Detroit,  aided  an  expedition 
there,  and  was  convicted  in  the  United  States  Courts,  ordered  for  12 
months  imprisonment  and  fined  a  thousai  d  dollars.  The  confinement 
was  little  more  than  nominal,  no  refusal  of  fresh  air  and  exercise,  and 
the  81,000  fine  the  President  remitted  him.  Vreeland  was  an  Ameri- 
can citizen  of  Dutch  descent — Mackenzie  aoiavHted  gn9»t  of  the  peo- 


*►• 


;*■ 


»>    WAo  aaakit  ties  prqxti^h  itsoublest 


I! 

I 

il 


,A 


pI»or  Btiflulot  whose  close  confinement  cou'd  be  turned  io  pnlitictl  a6» 
«ount  with  the  tn]k>  in  London,  through  pmidini;  negociations ! ! 

Ont>  of  the  U.  S.  Judges,  the  Hon.  Ross  Wilkins  of  Dfiroi,  in  hit 
shiir^e  lu  »  jury,  n>minded  them  not  Ion?  since  that  neutrality  laws 
which  your  government  and  ration  were  quitf  wiliiiiflr  tofurgi^t  when 
you  hail  the  weak  power  of  Mexico  to  dfal  with  in  ihe  chap  of  Tex- 
as, had  to  he  bru'ihrd  up  anew  and  set  in  motion  when  England  be- 
came the  antagonist.  I  forget  hi«  precise  wo  d^,  but  their  import  was 
moii  humili'iiin^;  to  your  national  honor  and  iiitngriiy. 

Mr.  Vin  Buren,  I'm  told,  referred  the  prayer  of  some  50^000  memo* 
riali9t«>  for  my  release,  lo  thi&  Mr.  Benton  of  Little  Fall-i,  who^p  dwel- 
ling is  hi'i  half-way  iiou:>e,  on  his  New  York  tuurH.  And  I  learn 
that  the  District  Attorn^'y  reported  stoutly  agiin^t  humoring  the  50,< 
000  Ci  iz^ns  by  mv  release.  How  these  two  la^vyers  must  have 
chuckled  at  the  unique  idea  of  prufec^sing  so  sp«'cial  and  particular  a 
respt-ct  for  principle  and  the  purity  of  the  a(lmini^t^ali  n  of  ju-itice, 
that  th:-  President  would  not  dare  so  to  iutiTf-re  wiili  il-i  solemn  de< 
eree-*,  a^  to  set  free  one  whom  Entil.ind  had  a^'^ured  him  she  desired 
to  punish,  whi'ethey  knew  that  of  all  the  10.000 or  100,000  oflendprs 
under  the  Anti-Texan  face  of  thfiC'im  li'on  colored  statute,  lh<>y  had 
penned  uit  only  so'ue  30  or  40  in  the  indictment  fold,  from  whom 
were  previously  selected  tho>ethey  had  agreed  not  to  forgit  about. 

I  may  here  copy  a  letter  fiom  one  jf  yourselves,  in  the  name  of 
three  honorable  members  of  Congress.  How  he  had  found  out 
that  an  uptiliciiiion  by  me  to  Sir  George  Arth'-r  for  an  American  par' 
don  wou  d  relieve  th"  question  of  mv  e;ilargeiueiit  froin  enibir:ass- 
nient.  I  I  tive  it  to  th«>  hon.)r  of  the  Pre>id.  nt  to  explain.  Who  but 
Mr.  Van  Buren  cduM  have  told  him  that ! 

from  the  IlinorabU  General  Geore^e  M.  Keim,  Mimher  of  Conerefs,  to  th$ 
S'^crttary  i\f  tke  I*!iiladdph.ia  D  •inncralic  Asaociatiim.  ahewin  sr  the  rvult 
qf  a  conference  between  three  Mambcra  of  Cangreaa  and  the  Preaidentqf 
the  United  States 

To  Meaara.    William  Gifmore  and  Robert  Chria'y.  Sitcretariea  of  the  Demth 
eratie  Union  Asaocatiion,  Pliilatlelphia. 

Washinoton.  December  28th,  1839. 

Gentlemen:— On  behalf  of  a  rasolution  <if  the  Deinncratic  Union  AsBO'-iatinn,  for 
Messrs.  Paynter,  Ingersol  and  myself  to  call  u|Kin  the  President  of  the- United  StntM 
and  request  his  attention  lo  a  Memorial  relative  to  the  pardon  of  William  Lyon 
M»rkeii^ie,  it  becomes  my  duty  to  say  that  we  have  fully  discharged  the  deiiirfl  there- 
in expressed. 

The  President,  who  is  at  all  times  anxinuf)  to  gratify  tlie  wishes  of  any  portion  of 
the  people,  regrets  exceedingly,  that  in  the  p'  esent  juncture  uf  pending  negoriationi 
with  Great  Britain,  it  would  be  improper  to  interfere  with  the  action  of  our  >>ourts  of 
justice,  and  tliereibre  at  present  could  no*  decisively  move  incompliance  with  your 
wishes.  Uvery  possible  means  have  been  exerted  to  make  the  confinement  of  Mr. 
Mackenzie  a  nominal  one,  ami  to  gratify  his  every  wish,  save  his  re>ase. 

My  own  private  views.  are.thatif  tlie  friends  of  Mr.  Mackenzie,  would  appeal  tti 
the  maenanimity  of  the  president  representative  of  the  British  provinces  in  North 
America,  by  hia  requeaf.  he  would  be  released,  and  relieve  the  <)u<Mtian  from  the  em- 
btrannent  in  which  it  teems  involved. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  your  (Hend  and  Servant, 
(Signed)  GEORGE  M.  KEIM. 

The  conduct  of  the  government  in  tiaesc  state  tii.ils,  the  mea^sures  it 
has  had  r  course  ttt^  and  the  entire  absence  even  of  the  shadow  of 
impartiality,  may  well  bring  a  blu^h  into  every  manly  ci.e'  k.  The 
reeompt'Rce  for  <>uch  weakn>  ss  i<  the  approbation  i<f  the  men  in  Lon> 
don,  who  made  Canada  what  Mr.  Cuihing  de.scribis  it  to  be  in  the 
«ration  I  hire  cited. 

Mr.  Van  Buren  has  not  borne  the  insulto  of  England  thus  thank- 
fully becatise  the  country  was  unprepared  for  war.    On  thecontiary, 
lb»  first  act  of  his  official  life  was  to  declare  in  his  inausural  address 
March,  lS37,that  "the  last  war,  far  from  impairing,  gave  new  coufi* 


-■•    # 


'wm 


WHO  BROKE  THE  NEUTRALITY? 


I« 


**  ttenee  to  ou' (government ;  anH  amiil  reeent  appreh>^n<ion«  of  a  aimi> 
"  lar  conflict,  wp  »aw  that  the  rnprsif"  of  our  cnunt<y  would  not  bt 
"  wanting  in  ample  «pa«on  to  protrct  lt»  ri5ht<.  We  raiiy  not  po^seit, 
"  a*  w  •  should  niH  de  ire  to  poshes-*,  tht?  ex'e"dod  anil  evT  readf 
"  military  orsranizaiion  of  othi*r  nations;  we  mav  ocoa^ionatW  suffer 
*'  in  thebutflet  lor  the  want  of  it;  but,  a-nonguur^f'b-esall  ilnuht  upon 
"  thi*  great  point  ha*  erased,  while  a  salutary  experience  will  preveat 
"a contrary  opinion  fmrn  iiivit'o"?  ajjajres^ion  from  abrnaH." 

Hi*  mandate,  how^TT,  siilK'd  th  •  voice  of  syrnpttliy  in  Albany,  ' 
after  the  ma»sacre  of  Schlossor,  ard  when  men  o''nll  parties  had  met 
at  the  capitol  tu  «uucor  their  fellow  chri^ian*  in  the  hour  of  woe  and 
wretchedness,  the  command  from  the   White  House  left  them  to 
perish. 

In  the  Wa'«hin5ton  Globe,  (n  publication  bv  hlijh  anthorilv,)  of 
date  the  8th  of  February  la«t.  th*  English  Bast  India  Company  is 
cai.ed  the  fath»'r  ol'sinuggl' r<,  Et»ff'i<h  merrhnnis  ae  viob'ntlv  de- 
nounced as  unjust,  immoral,  fraudiib-nt,  unprinri'led.  The  Glob« 
asks,  "of  wh  It  value  i«  human  blood  in  the  eve  o'  Rnslish  cupidity  f 
"  and  what  spot  is  there  in  th<^  ravish<*d  east  that  she  ha*  not  nolluted 
•'  with  th  •  principles  of  the  smuarsrler  and  the  •  ropen^iti  s  of  the  pl- 
"  rate?"  It  Ctie*,  "  Shame  on  tliee,  England!  «hame  on  thy  bast 
•nd  grovelling;  spirit  of  traffic!"  and  declares  that  th  ■  Ensriisb  armies 
are  ever  ready  to  protect  her  merchants  in  her  course  of  fraud  and 
rapine.  Not  one  line  line  dare  anpear  ii  the  Globe  ih^t  is  not  in  full 
accordance  with  the  vi«'ws  of  tht'  Pre*id-'nt  and  b»*  majoritips  ila 

J'our  two  houses.  And  if  he  an  !  you  may  thu«  excite  the  mo*t  intense 
eelinss  of  hatred  tu  a  power  you  thus  describe,  whv  sanction  tht 
roockery  of  keep'ns:  me  eighteen  months  in  which  I  mav  not  once 
breathe  the  pure  air  of  heaven,  except  through  the  bars  and  grates  of 
a  gloomy  prison? 

If  you  are  the  men  to  give  freedom  to  Canada,  whv  do  vou  al'ow 
your  government  to  begin  the  am'^lioration  by  acts  of  partiality  and 
shameful  injustice  towards  her  t  xile^?  It  i*  not  for  myself  f  eomplain„ 
I  wish  to  test  ye,  whether  we  are  merely  to  change  one  yoke  for  ano- 
ther not  less  onerous. 

One  of  vour  iiarty  editors  speaks  boldly  up— rather  an  unusual  thio|f 
in  these  days  of  bellweather  pi"osses : 

[From  the  New  ITnmpshire  Patriot.] 
Willianj  L.  Mackenzie  lias  been  tried  at  Canandaiaua.  for  violatincr  the  neutrality 
law,  in  aiding  the  insurrection  in  Upner  Canada,  and  sentenced  to  eichteen  months 
imprisonment  in  the  rommon  jail.  He  is  now  suffering  in  close  confinement  like  a 
common  felon,  whilst  McNab.  who  came  into  American  wa'ers,  burnt  an  Awerican 
boat,  and  destroyed  the  lives  of  several  American  citizens,  is  enjoying  the  nonoraof 
knighthood  for  his  exploit!  To  us  the  whole  proceedings  on  the  part  of  our  govern- 
Dient  officers  in  relation  to  the  CanaiU;tn  insurrection  has  looked  like  punilanimoug 
truckling  to  Great  Britain.  A  jury  who  could  find  Mackenzie  guilty  ought  to  be  tar-. 
red  and  feathered  and  sent  to  Nova  Scotia — and  a  judge  who  would  pass  such  a  sew- 
tance,  deserves  the  execration  of  every  friend  of  liberty.  If  this  cise  comes  withia 
the  scopniif  executive  clemancy,  we  hope  the  President  will  liberate  the  Canadiaa 
patriot  forthwith. 

Lord  Olenelg,  on  the  tSth  of  July  1838,  quotes  to  Lord  Durham.  Sir  John  Col- 
bame's  report  of  tlie  previous  mimth,  who  thinks  *'that  with  3,000  regular  trospa 
"and  Captain  Sandom's  flotilla,  no  danger  whatever  is  to  be  apprehended  frotnth* 
•*  menaced  operations  otthaf  pari  of  the  American  population  apparently  beyond 
"the  control  of  the  Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York  and  the  United  States'  Got- 
•*  ernment."  And  Sir  Francis  Head  assures  Mr.  Fox  J23[rd  of  December.  1837  that 
**  the  people  of  the  United  States  are  so  excited  on  the  subject  (of  Canada.)  AND  SO 
"  RIPE  FOR  PLUNDER,  that  no  words  or  writing  will  in  his  opinion,  stop  them." 

"  Ripe  for  pluuder"  indeed !  Who  sacked  the  maiden  city  of  your  Empire, 
%a4  waatonl  V  barm  the  eapitol  ?    Who  hired  the  western  sava|res  to  massacre  hel|h 


/ 


\V',tll?','''^>- 


»•-*»«.  «^m.^,.v 


"•"■•<, 


^  4*  'I"— ■»     f 


"  (*-%    «-.*«  ..., 


>•.'■'.".'         \i 


?2]     WHO  BEGAN  THE  FRONTIER  TROUBLES? 


M 


let!  youth  nnd  aje ''    Who  took  for  their  watchword  "beauty  and  booty"  on  the  er* 
of  New  Orlenni  ? 

Lord  Durham  writes  Lord  Oleiielg,  July  16,  1838.  "Opposite  to  Fort  Erie,  is  tha 
t,  town  of  BiiO'iilo.  the  head-i|uurters  of  tlie  Hobbers  and  Pirates  who  liave  so  long  in- 
„  fosted  this  country.  Its  extent  and  appearance  is  surprising."  And  on  the  l9th 
be  writes  again  from  Tnruuto,  that  un  the  I7th  Sir  Joiin  Colborne  and  himself  had 
reriowad  tlie  tro()[)H,  and  given  notice  beforehand  so  as  to  get  the  American*  near 
tlicse  "hundqiiiirterii"  t,o  cume  over;  tliiit  tiiey  did  so,  and  were  tilled  with  awe 
wliicli  wag  llie  uoIe  object  of  tiie  review. 

I  nave  shown  liiut  tlie  revolt  was  produced  by  the  English  Government  itself— 
that  it  sent  oiT  the  iroops  a  little  way  to  induce  tlie  people  to  rise,  so  tiiat  American 
simplicity  iniglit  produce  frontier  trnubleii,  and  thuitaflbrd  a  pretext  for  tlie  introduc- 
tion of  adilitioiiul  troops  and  on  increiiHed  naval  (nrre,  through  pretended  fears  of  tlie 
sympathizorB.  •'Tilli  EXECUTIVE  HAS  HEEN  BOTH  NEGLECTFUL, 
AND  COltRLTPT,"  said  Durham  to  Glenclg,  in  liia  didpatch  marked  "SECKET," 
Stii  August  18;IS,  hiiK.-e  printed  in  Papers  H.  N.  A.  p.  l.")7.  Yes,  and  by  forcing  the 
people  into  open  insurrection,  and  exciting  in  the  breat  of  the  humnne  citizens  of 
tlieie  states,  fueling*  of  kindness  and  cuinpussion  for  their  own  flesh  and  blood,  feel- 
ings honuruhle  lu  our  coiiiinon  nature,  and  which  no  free  governnient  could  have 
smothered,  even  by  the  union  of  rit.  George's  bloody  cross  with  American  Stars, 
tliey  trampled  under  foot  their  treaties  of  neutrality,  and  made  their  wanton  in- 
vasion of  the  American  soil  at  Sclilossor,  a  standing  j')ke,  an  annual  British  festival. 
Having  thus  ejirui^'ed  beyond  humiin  forbearance  thu  free  sons  of  this  free  soil,  Eng- 
land's Lords,  the  of  successors  that  English  Lord  who  hanged  Colonel  ITaynes, 
t.iuiil  the  s'atc  and  national  authorities,  abcnit  their  unruly  citizens  !  Aaron  Vail 
lakes  a  trip  to  Canada  toassure  Cieorge  Arthur  that  we  of  the  frontiers  are  "the 
scum  I''  and  the  renowned  General  Burt  of  BLitfalo  follows  to  testify  "that  the  coun- 
try near  the  lakes  was  overrun  by  an  ungovernable  mass  of  the  lowest  class  of  peo- 
ple!!" The  U.  S.  Government  respond  to  all  this  assuming  that  the  republic  is  to 
blame,  I  get  one  little  corner  in  a  prosideiitial's  message,  another  in  Lord  4^^HuB- 
sell's  opening  speeeh,  and  a  third  in  an  Ainericart  Bastile/ 

I  appeal,  Gentlemen,  to  your  sense  of  justice,  to  your  candor  and  love  of  country, 
whether  the  persecution  to  which  I  have  been  ho  long  and  so  cruelly  subjected  ought 
not  to  cease.  Invited  to  your  country  by  Jiisought  promises  of  aid  from  your  most 
distinguisiicd  citizens,  advantage  has  been  taken  of  my  ignorance  of  your  laws  to 
puuislx  me  for  olfences,  if  such  they  were,  cuimnitted  by  others,  who  go  free  because 
of  their  influence  and  standing  in  American  society,  I  appeal  to  you  as  honorable 
men,  I  demand  eiii|uiry,  and  fear  i«ot  your  verdict  in  a  "  land  where  Freedom  and 
Trutli  arc  worshipped."  '  W.  I-  MACKENZIE. 

Monroe  County  Jail,  April,  1840. 


With  those  feelings,  in  thfir  hearts,  the  inhabitants  of  our  North 
American  colonies  ---------  have  seen  these  de- 
magogues who  had  no  real  stake  in  tlieir  country,  one  after  ano- 
ther, encouraged  or  promoted  by  her  Majesty's  Government — and 
■while  this  party,  whose  evident  intention  was  to  robanU  .murder  them 
was  busily  occupied  in  broad  day  light  in  making  pikes,  purchasing 
rifles  asseml)ling  for  drill,  forming  themselves  into  unions  and  thus 
creating  general  apprehensions  throughout  our  colonies  they  have 
seen  the  Ministers  of  the  Crown,  in  spite  of  warning  or  remonstanoej 
resolutely  insist  on  eL'vating  over  the  heads  of  the  loyai  population, 
the  ringleaders  of  the  conspiracy — they  have  seen  tke  arch-agitator 
qf  each  of  tke  Canadas  offered' to  be  rewarded  ;  -  -  -  in  short 
t.'iey  have  seen  the  Mirfisters  of  the  Biitish  Crown  actually  tan  into 
aflame  the  embers  of  rebellion,  which  the  representative  of  the  Sov-. 
•;reign,  but  for  the  encouragement  shown  to  agitators,  would  easily 
have  extinguished.— Str  l^rqnci%Jftad-s  Preface  to  the  3rdE.dir 
tlan  of  his  Narrative.  ,  '  ,       --    ,- 


mei 
rep 


*  f 


4. 


./*. 


WHO  BROKE  THE  NEUTRALITY  T 


fM 


be«v* 

,  11  th« 
ong  ill- 
he  l9th 
elf  had 
i«  uetr 
th  awa 


OPINION  OF  DRS.  WEBSTER  AND  SMYLES. 
The  undersigned  are  of  opinion  that  the  cuntinement  ot  Williarri 
Lyon  Mackenzie  to  jail,  without  being  perniitted  to  exercise  in  the 
open  air,  has  had  a  very  injurious  effect  on  his  general  health. 

The  jail  is  built  on  a  low  swampy  piece  of  ground,  and  for  the 
most  part  of  tlie  year  is  nearly  surruiinded  with  stagnant  water.  In 
consequence,  Mr.  Mackenzie  has  already  suilVred  from  marsh  fe*er ; 
and  there  can  scarcely  be  a  doubt,  that  when  the  warm  months  of 
summer  return,  he  will  again  be  subjected  to  thisdt'bilitatin<;diseas«'. 
The  close  confinement  has  also  an  injurious  eflect  on  his  highly 
susceptible  nervous  system.  Under  such  circumstances,  we  the  un- 
dersigned are  decidedly  of  opinion  that  out-dour  exercise  is  absolutely 
necessary  to  sustain  his  scnernl  health. 

JAMES  WEBSTER,  M.D., 

Prof,  of  Anatomy,  Oi-neva  College, 
JOHN  SMYLES,  Physician  and  Surgeon. 

* 

MA  It  TIN  VAN  BUR  EN  AND  RUFIS  KING. 

In  1919,  as  "'ill  be  seen  by  reference  to  Holland's  life  of  Van  Ru- 
ren,  Rufus  King  was  sent  to  the  United  Slates  Senate  at  Wa*hing- 
tou,  as  a  fit  repreS'  nlalive  of  the  democracy  of  New  York  State,  chief- 
ly through  the  active  and  unwearied  eflorls  M.  Van  Bureo.  Who 
Rufus  King  was  and  what  were  his  politic?,  may  be  ascertained  frotu 
the  following  extract  taken  from  a  letter  in  the  Albany  Argus. — 
Irishmen,  English,  Scottish  nnd  French  Democrats,  read,  and  say 
whether  you  can  believe  Van  Buren  an  honest,  true  hearted  RepubjJ 
lican  ? 

|From  the  Albany  Argus.  J 

TO    RUFUS    KING.  ' 

When  I  bring  to  my  recollection  the  name  of  Thomas  Addis  Emmet,  it  must 
crimsdh  your  cheeks;  yea.  sir,  you  have  inflictci  on  that  gr*^ntand  good  man 
the  heaviest  calamities.  You  have  been  the  means  of  confining  him  n  close 
prisoner  in  Fort  Guorgo,  in  Scotland,  for  four  loiiij  and  tedious  years.  You 
have,  unwittingly  I  grant,  been  the  means  of  the  public  and  disgraceful  executior* 
of  his  brother,  the  martyred  Robert  F.m  met,  for  indiscreelely  darinif  to  redress  the 
wrongs  of  his  injured  nndo|)pre3sed  countrymen.  Vou  have  been  the  means  of 
deprivmga  son  of  the  sad  solace  of  closing  the  eyes  his  venerated  parents,  and 
abrolher  tho.^eof  a  sister.  In  short,  your  conduct  toward  the  unfortunate  Irish 
patriots  has  been  cold,  unfeeling,  and  I  presume  to  say  and  prove  too,  wholly  un- 
w.iirantabld. 

The  facts  have  been  fully  stated  by  Thomas  Addis  Emmelt.    In  the  summer  of 
1798,  Mr.  Etnmet,  Doct,  M'iN'iven  and  ArfiiurO'C'onner,  with  manyuoro  of  the 
moat  virtuous  and  esteemed  men  iu  Ireland,  during  the  suspension  of  ihe  habcao 
corpus  act.  in  that  ill  fated  country,  and  upon  meresusjMcion,  were  thrown  into  • 
prison;  the  government  could  not  proceeil  to  try  thtm,  breanse  it  cuuW  notdis- 
cover  any  proofs  to  implicate  them  cniiiinally.    On  the  29th  of  July,  1798,  an 
arrangement  was  entered  into  by  tiio  government  of  Ireland,  with  thvae  state 
prisoners,  for  ctTectitig  an  nmni-sty,  and  as  an  inducement,  these  un-forlnnate 
men  olfered,  amongoihor  iliiuHS,  to  emigrate  to  such  country  as  might  be  ngreeci 
on  between  them  and  the  govrrnmuiit.    Lord  Casilereagli  declared  to  them,  that 
this  government  had  no  worse  place  in  view  than  America.    After  the  pri9»i:*rs 
had  performed  their  part  of  the  stipulation,  they  mad.  their  election  to  conio  rt> 
this  country.    Mr.  Emmet  snya,  to  use  his  own  words,   "It  (the  governrn/'nt) 
was  afraid  of  letting  us  go  at  large  to  develope  and  detect  the  misrepresentations 
and  calumnies  that  were  studiously  setalloat,  and  had  therefore,  I  am  convinced, 
determined  to  violate  its  engagement,  by  l.eepiug  us  prisoners  as  long  as  pos.si. 
ble."    "On  the  I6ih  of  September,  Mr.  Marsden,  then  under  secretary  came  to 
inform  us  that  Mr.  King  had  remonstrated  against  our  being  permitted  to  «mi>- 
grate  to  America,  and  on  beinn  pressed  to  know  what  reason  Mr.  King  could 
nave  for  preventing  us,  who  were  avowed  republicans,  from  emigrating  to  A- 
merica,  he  significantly  answered,  O'P'rAaps  Mr,  King  doe*  not  dtsir»t«lun» 
republieant  in  America." 


jpi 


1 


Mi 


WHO  BSOAN  THE  f  ttONTIEE  TROUBLES  T 


Mr  Xmntit  saya again,  "the  itep  you  (Mr.Kingr)  took,  waaunamhorixedly> 
Toar  government—  y  wr  agre«a<ent  with  thai  of  Ireland,  waa  entered  into  on  the 
29tb  of  July }  your  prohibition  waa  notifieil  to  ua  on  the  16ih  of  September}  da* 
ducted  7  daya  from  ti.^  two  comfnunicationa between  Dublin  and  London,  and 
you  have  preciaoiy  42  daya,  in  the  calmaof  iiummer,  for  traneinii  ting  yourintelli- 
genee  to  Am  jrica,  anil  receiving  an  answer."  "  V^  ,  interference  was  then,  air, 
made  the  pretett  ofdetaining  us  for  four  yeart  in  ^aalodi;  by  which  very  eiten- 
aive  and  useful  plana  of  aettieinont  within  those  stales,  was  broken  up ;  the  mia- 
fortunes  which  you  brought  upon  the  objects  r»f  your  persecution,  were  incalcu* 
lable— almost  all  of  us  wasted  lour  of  the  best  years  of  our  life  in  prison^  As  to 
melsh'Whi  have  brouirhi  along  with  me  my  father  and  his  family,  includmg  a 
brother,  whose  name  perhaps,  even  you  will  not  read,  wilhonl  emotions  of  sym- 
pathy and  re.^pcct;  oi  hers  nearly  connected  with  ine,  would  have  comepurt- 
liera  with  me  in  emigration;  but  all  of  them  have  been  torn  from  me-*-l  have 
been  prevented  from  saving .  'irolher,  from  receiving  the  dying  blessings  of  a  fath- 
er, mother  and  sister,  and  from  soothing  their  Inst  agonies  by  my  carc^;  and  this 
air,  by  your  unwnrrantahle  nnd  unlFerhnsr  interferences." 


!  .   ( 


ill    1^ 


!  .■ 

t  ! 


Ihi 


A 


ff-' 


J 


■I 


P 


ir 


"  My  he  -Itii  is  deui  i>>i>g'  foi*  It  Eiii  V  it«  a  n-cebHdrv  lo  my  p  i,^  siortl,  ait  u>  my  mo- 
ral coii£t>tutior.  I  ani  uiit-n  tevei'iMli ;  T  take  no  exercse,  niul  (uU  little  rest.  Ironke 
BO  complaints,  howevei*.  for  experienire  has  tanijlit  lur'  ilie  iniittlwy  of  sodning."  — /^.jt- 
Ur  of  General  L'lfn/elte,  addrr.sstd  to  the  Princess  d'  Ilcnin,  March  i^th,  179a, 
fr0m  the  Au-itrian  iiastUe.  of  Mjgdtboursr. 


(Extrnct  of  a  letter  from  Solomon  Soutliwick  to  \V.  L.  M  ickenzie,  .Sfp'.,  2  ■  H;J».) 

Isha'.l  nev4>r  look  wpon  the  cause  of  the  Ganadiaii  Patriot!*,  in  any  utiiev  lightthan 
as  the  «.uu»o  of  every  true  friend  to  the  liberties  of  this  inintry  ana  of  Kiankind, 
Erery  soiiud  he.iiled  and  sound  lieaneil  American  must  deeply  regret  that  Uritiiik 
induenee  lias  so  far  paralysed  the  moral  and  politieal  eiiergies  of  his  country,  an  lo 
cause  se  large  a  portion  of  her  population,  after  a  momentary  Hash  of  hone«t  feelinpn, 
to  sit  down  nn  calm  spectators  o\'  a  »trugt;lu  in  which  the  fate  of  our  republican  inuii-^ 
lutions  in  so  deeply  involved;  I'oril'  Ciinnda  and  tlie  vast  untiettled  terntnry  eonncc- 
led  wi^h  it,  be  rotained  in  the  r:,Rsesiiion  of  the  Gritisli  Monarchy,  and  the  Chanisii 
•fEnfjIand  be  defeated  and  suppressed  our  liberties  ar  •  loat.  Nod-'inonstrution  of 
any  matiiemntical  problem  ran  be  clearer  than  thin,  I  have  not  been  merely  eururi 
•ed  ;  I  have  been  nstoninlied  at  the,  apathy  of  *u  many  of  uur  citizens  of  all  aecta  and 
parties  on  tUeCaiiadiau  ^ueaiiou. 

On  dte  first  of  May  next  will  be  issvied.on  asheer  as  large  astlie  llonhe'^terWeek. 
ly  Uepubliean.  nnr/ t/l  that  foliqfonn  tlie  tirst  numher  of  our  third  year.  Itw'.i'. 
contain  more  rcadin|j  matter  than  any  e. Hi  ion  heretofore  jiublUhe  1.     VVe  like  the 

2ui!.rto  Bh:ipe,  as  beint;  convenient  for  biudinr;.  but  very  many  of  our  reader*  cry  out 
jr  alar»e  paper,  and  tliey  will  get  it. 

Mr.  M  ickenzie's  family  are  re  noved  to  the  dwoHini^  in  Exehaiij'  .street,  between 
Albert  Smith's  and  Jii.-ton  BasH^'tt's,  opposite  tlie  Upper  Badge,  Tlie  oiliceof  the 
Oaxette  is  also  reiimved  thitUei'. 

The  iinpre.Hsion  diis  week  is  only  three  reams,  or  1400  copies,  and  there  ore  not  •• 
Hi'iny  Kubsrrihenr  as  1400.  Let  us  intreat  the  frietids  of  fr»-e.lorn  and  Canada  to  lend 
M«  a  hand  in  givinn  tite  third  volume  a  fair  start,  by  reoewiu^  Jieirfriendlj  exertioit* 
Ml  oUain  subicritiKrs     f;;;;^  The  price  of  this  nuatbtir  ia  six  cents; 


ihorized  ly 

into  on  the 

ember  i  i«> 

tondon,  and 

yourintelli- 

M  then,  sir, 

rery  exten- 

the  mia- 

;r«  incalcu* 

son.    As  19 

including  a 

ons  of  eyni- 

come  purt- 

me— I  liave 

iL'sof  afath- 

>i  and  this 


I,  an  u>  my  mo- 
f  rest.  I  makr 
dnine."  — /yijt- 
rcA  hth,  179a. 


p'.,  2.H;w.) 

illier  light  than 
r.  >)f  KiRnkind, 
et  that  Briu'iik 
country,  an  to 
loneM  fealinp*. 
epubiiuniiiiiHii-, 
nnlory  coniiec- 
d  the  Chartist* 
•monstruiion  of 
m«»rely  eururi 
itf  all  accu  aiii 


iMieiterW'eek. 

JPHf.       It  W'i'. 

We  like  the 
readers  cry  out 

Street,  hetwern 
he  oil'icc  of  the 

iherc  nr«  not  •• 
Citiiad'i  tolenti 
eadly  exertiatt* 


M. 


'•■^ 


